HSC (SCIENCE) 2023 MATHEMATICS IMP QUESTIONS STATE BOARD MH

 HSC (SCIENCE) 2023 MATHEMATICS IMP QUESTIONS

STATE BOARD MH

Mathematics 1

1. Mathematical Logic
1	Page No. 7	Q.5 (ii, v)
2	Page No. 10	Example : 2(ii)
3	Page No. 13	Q.1(vi), Q.2 (vi) , Q.3 (vi)
4	Page No. 18	Q.3 (v, viii , ix) , Q.4 (i , iv)
5	Page No. 21	Q.3 (ii, iii)
6	Page No. 28	Example : 6
2. Matrices
8	Page No. 39	Q.8
9	Page No. 49	Example : 2
10	Page No. 52	Q.4
11	Page No. 54	Q.18
12	Page No. 59	Q.1 (i)
13	Page No. 60	Q.3 , Q.4
3. Trigonometric Ratio
14	Page No. 74	Example : 8 , 9
15	Page No. 75	Q.1 (i, ii) , Q.2 (i) , Q.6 (ii,iii) , Q.7(iii)
16	Page No. 77	Theorem (Sine Rule) (3.2.4)
17	Page No. 79	Theorem (co-sine rule) (3.3.5)
18	Page No. 84	3rd Proof
19	Page No. 88	Q.1 (ii, iii) , Q.2 (i, iii) , Q.4 , Q.7 , Q.10
20	Page No. 101	Example : 7
21	Page No. 102	Q.1 (iv , v) Q.2 (ii)
22	Page No. 103	Q.3 (iii, vii)
23	Page No. 109	Q.13 , Q.10
4. Pair of Straight line
24	Page No. 114	Theorem 3
25	Page No. 117	Example 5
26	Page No. 119	Q.3 (i) , Q.4
27	Page No. 120	Q.6 , Q.8 , Theorem 4.4
28	Page No. 124	Q.1 , Q.3 , Q.4(i) , Q.5 , Q.7
29	Page No. 127	Q.4
30	Page No. 128	Q.7, Q.8
5. Vectors
31	Page No. 137	Theorem 1
32	Page No. 138	Theorem 2
33	Page No. 139	Theorem 3
34	Page No. 142	Theorem 4
35	Page No. 151	Q.1 , Q.5
36	Page No. 152	Q.11 (i), Q.12 , Theorem 5
37	Page No. 153	Theorem 6
38	Page No. 155	Example 5
39	Page No. 156	Example 6
40	Page No. 160	Q.1 ,Q.3 , Q.5 , Q.7, Q.8, Q.10
41	Page No. 168	Example 12
42	Page No. 169	Q.1, Q.2, Q.9, Q.11, Q.12
43	Page No. 178	Q.3, Q.5, Q.10, Q.14
44	Page No. 180	Theorem 9 , Theorem 10
45	Page No. 183	Q.1 , Q.2, Q.3 , Q.5 , Q.7,
46	Page No. 184	Q.10

 

6. Line and Plane
47	Page No. 200	Q.1, Q.4, Q.7, Q.10
48	Page No. 207	Q.1, Q.3, Q.4, Q.8
49	Page No. 208	Q.11 , Q.12
50	Page No. 215	Example 11
51	Page No. 216	Q.1, Q.4, Q.5, Q.10, Q.11
52	Page No. 212	Example 6
53	Page No. 220	Q.1 , Q.2 ,Q.5
7. Linear Programming 54 Page No. 241 Q.2 , Q.6 , Q.7

Mathematics 2

1. Differentiation
1	Page No. 2	Theorem 1.1.2
2	Page No. 10	Example 3 (v) , Example 4
3	Page No. 12	Q.2 (iii, iv, xi ) , Q.3 (vi, xi, xiii)
4	Page No. 14	Theorem 1.2.3
5	Page No. 28	Example (i , ii)
6	Page No. 29	Q.4 , Q.5 (i), Q.6 (i, iii, viii) , Q,7(iii, v, vii, x) , Q.8 (i, ii, vi) , Q.9(iii, iv, vii, viii) , Q.`10(viii, iii)
7	Page No. 40	Q.2 (iii) , Q.3 (i , ii, v , viii) Q.4 (i , ,iv, v, x ) , Q.5 ( i , ii, vi, vii)
8	Page No. 41	Theorem 1.4.2
9	Page No. 42	Example (i, ii)
10	Page No. 47	Example 2
11	Page No. 48	Q.1 (ii, v), Q.2 (i, ii), Q.3 (ii, iv , vii)
12	Page No. 49	Q.4 (ii, iv)
13	Page No. 54	Example 3
14	Page No. 60	Q.2 (ii, iv ) , Q.3 (vi, viii, xii), Q.4 (v , vii)
2. Application of Derivatives
15	Page No. 69	Example 2
16	Page No. 72	Q.1 (i, iii), Q.6, Q.8, Q.11, Q.16, Q.14
17	Page No. 75	Q.1(i), Q.2 (i, iii), Q.3 (i), Q.5 (iii), Q.6 (ii)
18	Page No. 80	Q.1 (ii. iv ), Q.4 , Q.7 (ii, iv)
19	Page No. 87	Example 4
20	Page No. 89	Q.1 (ii)
21	Page No. 90	Q.4 , Q.8 , Q.10, Q.12 , Q.14 , Q.22
3. Indefinite Integration
22	Page No. 98	Example 4
23	Page No. 99	Example 10
24	Page No. 103	Theorem 1
25	Page No. 105	Corollary IV
26	Page No. 106	Example 1
27	Page No. 108	Example 10
28	Page No. 110	Q.I (2,4,13,19,10 ,11 ) Q.II (2,3, 5,7 , 9 ) Some special Integrals (3.2.3 ) Prepare all Proof
29	Page No. 123	Q.I (1, 9,15, 19 ) Q.II (1,4,6 ,9,)
30	Page No. 128	Q.5 , Q,9, Theorem 3.3.1
31	Page No. 133	Theorem 6,7,8
32	Page No. 137	Q.I (1,3,7, 10, 15,16, 13 )

33	Page No. 138		Q.III (2,4 ,5,7,9)
34	Page No. 144		Q.I (1,2)
35	Page No. 145		Q.1 (8), Q.11, Q.18, Q.21
4. Definite Integration
36		Page No. 159		Property V
37		Page No. 160		Property VI
38		Page No. 161		Property VII ,Property VIII
39		Page No. 165		Example 7
40		Page No. 171		Q.I (6, 12, 13 )
41		Page No. 172		Q.II (2,10,15), Q.III (1,2,10,15,11)

 

5. Application of Definite Integration
42	Page No. 185		Example 5
43	Page No. 186		Example 6
44	Page No. 187		Example 8 , Q.1 (vi, vii), Q.3 (ii, iv , v)
6. Differential Equation
45		Page No. 193		Q.1 (i, ii, v, x ,vii)
46		Page No. 196		Q.1 (iii, iv , v) Q.5 , Q.6
47		Page No. 200		Example 3 (i, ii)
48		Page No. 201		Q.2 (ii, v, x ) ,Q.3 ( i , iv ), Q.4 (iii)
49		Page No. 203		Example iii , Q.I (1,3,5,6,12)
50		Page No. 206		Q.1 (iii, iv , vi)
51		Page No. 207		Q.3 , Q.4
52		Page No. 213		Q.1 ,Q.3 , Q.5 , Q.9 ,Q.11
7. Probability Distribution
53		Page No. 232		Q.3 ,Q.4 , Q.5, Q.8 ,Q.9, Q.10, Q.11, Q.14
54		Page No. 239		Q.4(ii), Q.7, Q.10
55		Page No. 244		Q.8, Q.12 , Q.13

 

8. Binomial Distribution
56	Page No. 251	Example 1, Example 8.1 (All Questions

 

MOST IMP PROGRAM QUESTIONS C++

 HSC 2023 COMPUTER SCIENCE 

MOST IMP PROGRAM QUESTIONS C++

IMPLEMENT A CLASS TEMPERATURE TO CONVERT DEGREE FAHRENHEIT VALUE TO DEGREE CELSIUS VALUE 

WRITE A PROGRAM TO DISPLAY 1ST 20 TERMS OF FIBBONACCI SERIES 

WRITE A PROGRAM TO FIND GCD OF 2 NUMBERS. DEFINE A METHOD FIND TO ACCEPT VALUES ,CALCULATE AND PRINT GCD VALUES

WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCEPT A SENTENCE OF 80 CHARACTERS AND COUNT THE NUMBERS OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE

WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCEPT 10 INTEGERS IN AN ARRAY ALSO FIND ITS SUM AND AVERAGE 

WRITE A CLASS BASED PROGRAM TO FIND AREA OF A TRIANGLE

WRITE A PROGRAM TO FIND SMALLEST IN AN ARRAY OF 10 FLOATS USING POINTERS

WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCEPT 4 INTEGERS FIND SMALLEST INTEGER & PRINT IT

WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCEPT A SENTENCE OF 50 CHARACTERS AND PRINT SENTENCE IN REVERSE 

WRITE A PROGRAM TO FIND FACTORIAL OF A ENTERED NUMBER

IMPLEMENT A CLASS AVERAGE .INCLUDE A CONSTRUCTOR IN IT WHICH WILL ACCEPT 3 VARIABLES FROM A USER INCLUDE 2 OR MORE FUNCTIONS ONE CALCULATES THE AVERAGE & OTHER PRINTS IT

WRITE A OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAM TO READ AN INTERGER NUMBER AND TO FIND THE SUM OF ALL ITS DIGITS

WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCEPT A NUMBER AND TEST WHETHER IT IS A PRIME NUMBER

WRITE A PROGRAM TO SWAP 2 NUMBERS USING SWAP FUNCTION

WRITE A PROGRAM TO COUNT OCCURENCE OF CHARACTER P IN A STRING 

WRITE A PROGRAM TO READ A LINE OF TEXT AND COUNT THE NUMBERS OF WORDS IN THE TEXT

WRITE A PROGRAM TO REPLACE EVERY SPACE IN AN INPUTTED STRING WITH A HYPHEN.

WRITE A PROGRAM THAT RIGHT JUSTIFIES TEXT 

IMPLEMENT A CIRCLE CLASS. EACH OBJECT THIS CLASS WILL REPRESENT A CIRCLE ACCEPTING RADIUS VALUE AS A FLOAT INCLUDE AN AREA FUNCTION ( ) WHICH WILL CALCULATE THE AREA OF A CIRCLE.

 

EVS PROJECT ON OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

EVS PROJECT ON OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Project work on ozone layer depletion

Introduction:

The ozone layer is the layer present in the Stratosphere. It absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays that come from the sun. Moreover, it causes harmful radiation that has a high concentration of ozone (O3) which is harmful to living beings on the earth. The ozone layer is basically present in the lower stratosphere that is near about 20 to 35 kilometres above the earth. Moreover, the thickness of the ozone layer may differ depending upon the seasonal and geographical changes.

The ozone layer is important for the earth because it protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation. This radiation comes from the sun and is harmful to the earth’s surface. The flora and the fauna would not be able to survive if the earth will be directly affected by the harmful ultraviolet rays. Moreover, humans and animals on earth will face a lot of problems because of excess heating.

When the sun's rays split oxygen molecules into single atoms, Ozone is created in the atmosphere. These single atoms combine with nearby oxygen to form a three-oxygen molecule — Ozone.

The Ozone Layer was discovered by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson in 1913.

Importance of the Project:

The project work on ozone layer depletion is important as  

Ozone protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun. Without the Ozone layer in the atmosphere, life on Earth would be very difficult. Plants cannot live and grow in heavy ultraviolet radiation, nor can the planktons that serve as food for most of the ocean life. With a weakening of the Ozone Layer shield, humans would be more susceptible to skin cancer, cataracts and impaired immune systems.

When the sun's rays split oxygen molecules into single atoms, Ozone is created in the atmosphere. These single atoms combine with nearby oxygen to form a three-oxygen molecule — Ozone.

The Ozone Layer was discovered by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson in 1913.

Ozone can both protect and harm the Earth — it all depends on where it resides. For instance, if Ozone is present in the stratosphere of the atmosphere, it will act as a shield. However, if it is in the troposphere (about 10 km from the Earth's surface), Ozone is harmful. It is a pollutant that can cause damage to lung tissues and plants. Hence, an upset in the ozone balance can have serious consequences.

Chemicals containing chlorine and bromine atoms are released in the atmosphere through human activities. These chemicals combine with certain weather conditions to cause reactions in the Ozone Layer, leading to ozone molecules getting destroyed. Depletion of the Ozone Layer occurs globally, but the severe depletion of the Ozone Layer over the Antarctic is often referred to as the 'Ozone Hole'. Increased depletion has recently started occurring over the Arctic as well.

Since the 1970s scientists have observed human activities to be disrupting the ozone balance. Production of chlorine-containing chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have added to depletion of the Ozone Layer.

Montreal Protocol is a multilateral environmental agreement that regulates the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It was adopted on September 15, 1987. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties on 15 October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda, to phase-down hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs). Countries agreed to add HFCs to the list of controlled substances, and approved a timeline for their gradual reduction by 80-85 per cent by the late 2040s.

 

Objectives

The objective of this project is to cut down the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, in order to reduce their presence in the atmosphere and thus protect the Earth's ozone layer.

Ensuring that existing restrictions on ozone-depleting substances are properly implemented and global use of ozone-depleting substances continue to be reduced.

Ensuring that banks of ozone-depleting substances (both in storage and contained in existing equipment) are dealt with in an environmentally-friendly manner and are replaced with climate-friendly alternatives.

Ensuring that permitted uses of ozone-depleting substances are not diverted to illegal uses.

Reducing use of ozone-depleting substances in applications that are not considered as consumption under the Montreal Protocol.

Ensuring that no new chemicals or technologies emerge that could pose new threats to the ozone layer (e.g. very short-lived substances).

Methodology

 A new methodology to quantify greenhouse gas emission reductions from activities that recover and destroy ozone-depleting substances (ODS).

 

The methodology – VM0016 Recovery and Destruction of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) from Products – was developed by USG Umweltservice GmbH and Energy Changes Projektentwicklung GmbH.  It is applicable to project activities in any country that recover and destroy ODS refrigerants, ODS blowing agents or both

Ozone-depleting substances are industrial compounds – such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) – which diminish stratospheric ozone. ODS refrigerants are used in cooling mechanisms such as air conditioners or refrigerators. ODS blowing agents are used to propel liquid plastic resin for a wide variety of applications such as insulation foam.

 

ODS compounds can contribute significantly to global warming. Some can have impacts as great as 10,000 times that of carbon dioxide. Recovering and destroying ODS refrigerants and blowing agents properly prevents them from being released to the atmosphere.

 

The methodology was assessed by two independent validation bodies under the VCS methodology approval process.

 

Observation

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's Polar Regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, haloes), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they release atoms from the halogen group through photo dissociation, which catalyse the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2). Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.

 

Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UVB) light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, permanent blindness, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, haloes, and other ozone-depleting chemicals. Currently, scientists plan to develop a new refrigerant to replace the old one.

The ban came into effect in 1989. Ozone levels stabilized by the mid-1990s and began to recover in the 2000s, as the shifting of the jet stream in the southern hemisphere towards the South Pole has stopped and might even be reversing. Recovery is projected to continue over the next century, and the ozone hole is expected to reach pre-1980 levels by around 2075.In 2019, NASA reported that the ozone hole was the smallest ever since it was first discovered in 1982.

The Montreal Protocol is considered the most successful international environmental agreement to date.

Analysis

Ozone-depleting substances (chlorines and bromines) can be emitted from natural and anthropogenic (man-made) sources. In the chart we see emissions of ozone-depleting substances from 1960 onwards. This is measured in tonnes of chlorofluorocarbon-11-equivalents (CFC11 equivalents). CFC11 equivalents is a standardized measure to normalise the sum of a range of ozone-depleting substances to a value equivalent to their potential to deplete ozone; as we  depleting substances are weighted by their potential to destroy ozone.

Shown in the chart is the level of natural emissions (which has been approximately consistent over this period), and total emissions which is the sum of natural and man-made emissions. Here we see a clear growth-peak-reduction trend in ozone-depleting emissions, with a rapid rise in emissions (increasing more than three-fold) from 1960 through to the late 1980s, followed by a similarly fast reduction in the decades which followed. By 2010, emissions had returned to 1960 levels. This was largely the result of international regulatory agreements and concerted action to phase-out the production and consumption of these substances

Result and Conclusion:

The ozone layer, 15 miles above Earth, protects life on Earth by absorbing the hottest ultraviolet radiation from Sun.

When the ozone layer is thinned (depleted), more ultraviolet radiation than usual is measured to reach Earth, raising Earth’s temperature and increasing risk of sunburn and skin cancer.

Global warming by one degree between 1965 and 1998 was caused by a rapid increase in manufacturing of chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs) used in aerosol cans, refrigerators, air conditioners, and certain fire extinguishers, which depleted ozone, causing the Antarctic Ozone Hole, major depletion in the Arctic, and more moderate depletion at mid-latitudes.

We can develop all sources of energy without fear of causing global warming, but we must minimize pollution.

We can keep energy costs low because there is no longer a need for special taxes to discourage use of fossil fuels.

We do not need to fear the continued warming that has been predicted by current climate models. The models and their predictions are mistaken.

We do need to adapt to a world that is now one degree warmer.

We do need to protect ourselves from increased risk of sunburn and skin cancer. We should cover up more when in direct sunlight for extended periods of time.

We also need to protect our belongings from increased risk of deterioration and colour fading when left outside in direct sunlight. Put your lawn furniture away.

We should explore ways to restore ozone to pre-1965 levels in order to stop the warming of the oceans, which is pushing Earth’s thermostat higher.

We can expect more accurate weather forecasts as scientists gain a better understanding of the link between ozone and meteorology.

We should expect improved public policy illuminated by better scientific understanding of the technical issues.

FYBSC IT DIGITAL ELECTRONICS / DLA

 FYBSC IT/CS DIGITAL ELECTRONICS / DLA 

MOST IMP QUESTIONS 

UNIT 1

CONVERT THE FOLLOWING :

(1051.36) DECIMAL TO OCTAL

(F9A.D5) HEX TO DECIMAL

SOLVE (111000.01) - ( 100111.00)

SOLVE (1010101) / (11)

SOLVE (727) OCTAL + (234) OCTAL 

CONVERT 15 DECIMAL TO RADIX 3 

CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IN BCD AND ADD THEM (11)+(9)

CONVERT THE FOLLOWING IN XS3 AND SUBSTRACT THEM (11)-(9)

CONVERT 17.DA HEX TO BINARY

CONVERT 110011.011  INTO DECIMAL

FIND GRAY CODE FOR DECIMAL NO 13

FIND BINARY NUMBER FOR GRAY CODE 1111

WHAT IS 1S COMPLIMENT EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLE 

WHAT IS 2S COMPLIMENT EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLE 

WHAT IS ANALOG OR DIGITAL SIGNAL

WHAT IS ERROR DETECTION & CORRECTION CODE 

WHAT IS HAMMING CODE 

7 BIT PARITY OF HAMMING CODE IS RECEIVED AS 111010 WRITE ITS CORRECT CODE 

UNIT 2 

REDUCE THE FOLLOWING BOOLEAN EXPRESSION BELOW 

WX'(W+Y) + WY(W'+X)

PROVE THE FOLLOWING 

A'BC + AB'C +ABC'+ABC = AB +AC +BC

MINIMIZE THE FOLLWING USING KMAP & MINIMUM GATES 

F(ABCD) = ( 2,6,8,9,10,11,14,15)

MINIMIZE THE FOLLWING USING QUINE MCCLUSEY METHOD

F(WXYZ) = ( 2,6,8,9,10,11,14,15)

EXPLAIN ALL LOGIC GATES WITH DIAGRAM & TRUTH TABLE

REALIZE XOR GATE USING NAND GATES

STATE AND PROVE D MORGANS LAW.

UNIT 3 

CONVERT 4 BIT GRAY TO BINARY DRAW THE NECESSARY KMAPS ,TRUTH TABLE AND DIAGRAMS .

EXPLAIN XS3 ADDER WITH CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND TRUTH TABLE

EXPLAIN HALF ADDER WITH CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND  TRUTH TABLE

EXPLAIN FULL  ADDER WITH CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND  TRUTH TABLE

EXPLAIN HALF SUBSTRACTOR WITH CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND  TRUTH TABLE

EXPLAIN FULL  SUBSTRACTOR WITH CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND  TRUTH TABLE

Business letters

 BUSINESS LETTERS FORMAT

ROUTINE LETTERS EXAMPLE

Mr G Bharat Kumar, Owner

Kumar Plumbing & Heating Company

78 Namboodri Street

Chennai 370001

 Dear Mr Kumar:

1WATER HEATER SPECIFICATIONS FOR MAYUR STREET APARTMENTS

2  Please replace the two 30-litre water heaters (installed last week) with 50-litre units.

3 Large units are essential for families with children.  For that reason, the contract specifies a 50-litre heater for each of the 12 apartments.

4 The project appears to be well ahead of schedule; thanks for your efforts.

Sincerely,

 K Srinivas

Contractor

COVERING LETTER FOR JOB APPLICTION

Sub: Cover Letter

Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs. (Manager’s name),

I am writing this letter to you regarding the (desired position) that has recently opened up in your company. I came across this position on (website name) and was pleasantly surprised to find that I have all the required qualifications for this job.

I have studied (degree name) from (university name). During my time there I had taken up courses related to (insert three to four relevant courses that you have taken at the university). Currently, I hold a total (percentage or GPA) and have been a good student the entire term of my study in the University. I have also been ranked (mention your rank in class, if any) in a class of (mention the approximate number of students).

While attending classes, I focused my attention towards the following areas:
1.(mention first area of interest)
2.(mention second area of interest)
3.(mention third area of interest)

My focused study helped me develop (university project that you have completed). It has helped me secure a prominent internship in (mention internship company) and I was placed (mention rank obtained due to the project) overall.

I would be grateful to have an interview session with you. Please have a look at the resume that I have enclosed with this letter as per your convenience. I have provided my email id and contact number should you be interested in knowing more things about me.

Sincerely,
(Name)

FYBSC IT/CS C PROGRAMMING IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

FYBSC IT/CS C PROGRAMMING IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM

WHAT IS STATEMENT IN C. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF STATEMENT IN C

WHAT ARE DATATYPES IN C. EXPLAIN THEM 

WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

EXPLAIN DIFFERENT STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 

EXPLAIN ARITHMATIC OPERATORS IN C

EXPLAIN CONDITIONAL OPERATORS IN C 

EXPLAIN GETCHAR AND PUTCHAR FUNCTIONS 

EXPLAIN PRINTF AND SCANF FUNCTIONS 

EXPLAIN GETC AND PUTC FUNCTIONS IN C

EXPLAIN IF ELSE STATEMENT WITH EXAMPLE 

EXPLAIN  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHILE & DO WHILE LOOP 

EXPLAIN FUNCTION WITH AN EXAMPLE

EXPLAIN CALL BY VALUE AND CALL BY REFERENCE

WHAT IS STORAGE CLASS OF VARIABLE

EXPLAIN LOCAL AND GLOBAL VARIABLE

EXPLAIN POINTERS WITH EXAMPLE 

EXPLAIN ARRAYS WITH EXAMPLE

WHAT IS 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY . HOW IT IS DECLARED IN C

WHAT IS STRUCTURE AND UNION IN C

WHAT IS ARRAY WITHIN A STRUCTURE 

WHAT IS ARRAY OF A STRUCTURE

EXPLAIN NESTED STRUCTURE IN C WITH EXAMPLE

WHAT IS VARIABLE ? 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARRAY VARIABLE & ORDINARY VARIABLE

OPERATOR PRECEDENCE & ASSOCIATIVITY

  

FYBSC IT/CS DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

FYBSC IT/CS DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 

IMPORTANT  THEORY QUESTIONS

1.DEFINE : 

UNIVERSAL STATEMENT

EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL STATEMENT

SUBSET , CARTESIAN PRODUCT

FUNCTION , RELATION

LOGARITHM , LOGARITHAMIC FUNCTION

BOOLEAN FUNCTION ,IMAGE

INVERSE IMAGE

ONE-ONE FUNCTION , ONTO FUNCTION

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

CARDINALITY , COMPOSITE FUNCTION 

TRAIL , CONNECTED GRAPH , SPANNING TREE

HAMILTION GRAPH ,HAMILTON CYCLE.

2. EXPLAIN RUSSELS PARADOX , HALTING PROBLEM , 

3.  Define the following terms

a. Reflexive relation

b. Symmetric relation

c. Transitive relation

d. Equivalence Relations

4. Define the following terms

a. Commutative Laws

b. Associative Laws

c. Distributive Laws

d. Identity Laws:

5. Define the following terms

a. Union b.Intersection c.Difference d.Complement

6. Define the following terms

a. Set b.Subset c.Proper Subset d.Empty Set

7.Define the following terms

a. Disjoint Sets b. Power Sets c.Cartesian Products d.Empty Set

HSC EVS PROJECT WORK ON WATER POLLUTION

 HSC EVS PROJECT WORK ON WATER POLLUTION 

PROJECT WORK ON WATER POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION:

India is a land with many beautiful rivers and countryside. In India many of the rivers are considered to be holy, but water pollution in India has caused many of the rivers to be too polluted for use. Water pollution is a very serious problem in India which is the second most populous nation in the world. It is estimated that over 70% of all of India’s surface water is polluted in some way and many of the groundwater reserves have also been contaminated as a result of biological and industrial pollutants. As more and more water becomes polluted the water pollution in India gets more and more severe. Many rivers have been deemed to be unsafe for human consumption which leads to water scarcity. Water pollution in India also makes irrigating crops difficult. If the water supply is too polluted to drink it should not be used for watering crops. With limited sources of water and pollution increasing every day India is facing a serious water crisis.

Water pollution is becoming a huge problem which is faced by all of the human existence and as well as by every wild life species. According to present scales for pollution of water, 10 to 15 billion pounds full of waste materials like garbage is threw in different seas and rivers of the entire world. Not only had this, now, as per the latest records for water pollution in India; had 20 billion gallons of drinking water pollution also dumped in running rivers and seas.

This serious problem of water pollution is not only serious for the present day but, it is also getting worst on a regular day by day basis. As the seas and rivers have a running current of movement; thus, pollution of water does get transported in to various cities and towns on an immense scale. Not only this but, pollution of water also travel to various locations and hence increase water pollution in India. One more reason for the increasing air and water pollution along with drinking water pollution is because of highly growing industrial sector. These industrial sectors not only results harmfully in increasing drinking water pollution but also increase the air and water pollution on the same time. Another major reason for pollution of water in our country is because of the huge population which is increasing day-by-day. Today, with such huge growing population also the ecosystem is getting effected and giving rise directly to the air and water pollution. Huge population means higher level of water pollution and higher level for pollution of water increases the diseases and death rate for human lives. Thus, rapidly growth in high population is also resulting in increased water pollution in India. Now, if seen clearly and closely on these told water pollution sources, then it can be said that both increasing population and industrialization are the major reason behind the drinking water pollution along with other air and water pollution.

Today, water pollution is the greatest problem which can easily cause harmful effect to the entire ecosystem. Dead animals and wild life species is not a new headline coming from the reason of drinking water pollution along with air and water pollution. Just because of this reason of water pollution in India, many diseases namely: Hepatitis also get transferred by these dead animals. Thus, to stop such problems of water pollution in India, major steps and measures to control it must be taken quickly.

 

IMPORTANCE

Water pollution is important as

It destroys important food sources and contaminates drinking water with chemicals that can cause immediate and long-term harm to human health. Water pollution also often severely damages aquatic ecosystems. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are used as open sewers for industrial and residential waste.

Some 80 percent of the world's wastewater is dumped—largely untreated—back into the environment, polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans. This widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardizing our health. Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined.

 

Coastal waters in estuaries and lagoons are subject to heavy pollution loads, though the level of pollutants in them may not remain high continuously, due to dilution and flushing by riverine flow or tidal action. Sri Lanka has 103 rivers radiating from central hills that flow down to coast. They carry with them different pollutant stresses, some carrying heavy pollutant loads (organic, inorganic, faecal matter, waste-oil, etc.). The degree of pollution may vary temporally as well as spatially, depending on the precipitation in the catchments and the distance to the sources (Mubarak, 2000). Discharge of water from brackish water shrimp ponds to adjoining water bodies, as often as twice weekly, can lead to heavy water pollution due to their high nutrient, chemical and pesticide contents. They may lead to eutrophication, resulting in algal blooms, which are toxic and oxygen depleting and leading to fish and shrimp mortalities.

 

OBJECTIVES:

To design Pollution prevention Plan for  reducing or eliminating waste at the source by modifying production processes, promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic substances, implementing conservation techniques and re-using materials rather than putting them into the waste stream.

(1) To collect wastewater from residences, industries, institutions, and so on,

(2) To find a place to discharge the wastewater (usually the nearest water course is chosen, but wastewater could also be used for groundwater recharge or even recycled to water supply),

(3) To remove water pollutants that would produce adverse impacts to the receiving water or adversely affect the health of people subsequently using the water and

(4) To do all the above in a cost - effective manner.

 

METHODOLOGY:

 The methodology to achieve the project goal is the use of UWRM concept by holistically viewing the urban water network and all levels of the aquatic system according to the principle of emissions (source of pollution) / emissions (contamination). Urban water management involves comprehensive look at all urban resources: the lake as a source of drinking water and asset worthy of protection, restoration of the urban waters network, storm water management, and wastewater treatment. Due to rapid development rates in the demonstration region, suburban and rural areas and the effects of agriculture (non-point pollution sources) will be fully considered. The UWRM concept is based on a regional implementation strategy with flexible decentralized cluster solutions for wastewater treatment. An important basis for successful implementation of the UWRM concept is the establishment of extensive monitoring platforms (urban and lake observatories) for the sources of water pollution as well as the recipient, Lake Apple. The observatories serve as an early warning system for operational water management (drinking water). Long-term monitoring also enables reliable assessment of measures and any observations of emerging pollutants, such as micro pollutants. An environmental information system (EIS) will make data available for the UWRM concept, including necessary data infrastructures, interoperable simulation tools, and Web services. The combination of monitoring and modelling platforms in UIS firstly allows for the identification of contaminant sources and paths in the entire catchment, and secondly, is an important tool for the operational water management and long-term water quality prognoses. The modelling platforms examine all levels of the coupled hydrologic system including soils and groundwater.

 

Implementation concept and project structure

The implementation concept will be developed in close cooperation with regional stakeholders, public utilities, and development banks, such as ADB. The demonstration projects—involving five German companies - play an important role in the cooperation among economy and science and the real-world applicability of the outcomes.

 

The overall project goals, the methodology, and the implementation concept have led to the following project structure for the R&D project “Urban Catchments”, divided into 4 work packages:

 

A. Urban water management

B. Decentralized wastewater management

C. Lake Apple

D. Environmental information system

 

OBSERVATIONS:

As India grows and urbanizes, its water bodies are getting toxic. It's estimated that around 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption. Every day, almost 40 million litres of wastewater enters rivers and other water bodies with only a tiny fraction adequately treated. A recent World Bank report suggests that such a release of pollution upstream lowers economic growth in downstream areas, reducing GDP growth in these regions by up to a third. To make it worse, in middle-income countries like India where water pollution is a bigger problem, the impact increases to a loss of almost half of GDP growth. Another study estimates that being downstream of polluted stretches in India is associated with a 9% reduction in agricultural revenues and a 16% drop in downstream agricultural yields.

The cost of environmental degradation in India is estimated to be INR 3.75 trillion ($80 billion) a year. The health costs relating to water pollution are alone estimated at about INR 470-610 billion ($6.7-8.7 billion per year) – most associated with diarrheal mortality and morbidity of children under five and other population morbidities. Apart from the economic cost, lack of water, sanitation and hygiene results in the loss of 400,000 lives per year in India. Globally, 1.5 million children under five die and 200 million days of work are lost each year as a result of water-related diseases.

ANALYSIS:

Today, water pollution is one of the serious concerns for each and every country around the world. Thus, for this purpose there are numerous of laws and regulations for water pollution solutions are been imposed everywhere. But, then also drawbacks are faced by these solutions to water pollution. Reason behind the drawbacks for water pollution solutions in India is not by its imposition but in some regions enforcement of these rules are not that much strict in comparisons to others.

To get control and to impose these water pollution solutions literally in every places, government just have to again place the regulations and rules regarding it. Moreover some effective water pollution solutions in India involves the reduction in manures and chemical usages and promoting a bio-dynamic cultivation for farming purposes. Lesser deforestation and creating ponds to lower the level of flow which enters under the surface as underground water are also major water pollution solutions. In another possible solutions to water pollution is to lower the level of usage for chemicals and other pesticides for farming process. By utilizing lesser or stopping gradually the usage of fertilizers and such chemicals also can be considered as very effective water pollution solutions in India. Some other solutions to water pollution are like, re-establishment of wetlands and filtration of waste materials. Driving fewer vehicles also results as better water pollution solutions. Better sewage and reduction of other dumping waste materials in seas and oceans also acts as solutions to water pollution. Conservation of water and better techniques for the managing the storm water are also good water pollution solutions in India.

Changes for water pollution solutions in India not only can take place on the national level but, individuals can contribute a lot in it. Any single person can also help in solutions to water pollution. By purchasing green products like organic products and individual protections for usage of chemicals in our daily life can also results in better water pollution solutions. It is a duty of every citizen to properly place the garbage and dispose of it to a right place which can reduce the unwanted chemical flow in the atmosphere and also reduces the waste materials which are dumped in seas and oceans.

Water pollution prevention in India is the most important work for the environment which includes the support from both government and as well as form people also. For this water pollution control various rules and regulations under various acts are imposed on several sectors. Mostly this prevention of water pollution acts are imposed on the industrial sector than any other. As increasing pollution is becoming a serious problem these days, thus, water pollution prevention procedure is been working with its full efficiency.

Major part of the country is affected and working on water pollution prevention in India with these sorts of water and air pollutions just because of the industrial sector. This heavy industrialization with bigger area of working chemical factories directly dumps tons of waste chemicals and materials in seas and oceans against water pollution control which causes such problems. Things which are needed for water pollution prevention in India are sudden change and gradual action should be taken toward it. Bann on dumping of waste materials and hazardous chemicals can also act as a good water pollution control. It can be understood that dumping is not the way to get rid of the waste materials and also make hurdles in the path for prevention of water pollution. Primary education and awareness is also a good measure for water pollution prevention. There have been many programs started similarly to this water pollution prevention in India. Water pollution control can also be done by lowering the usage of chemicals and fertilizers. Personal precautions like driving lesser vehicles can also prove to be a good prevention of water pollution. Above all, a better water pollution prevention needs a higher level of interest which must be given upon it.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and triggers unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes — eutrophication —. Contamination of the food chain.

Water pollution destroys important food sources and contaminates drinking water with chemicals that can cause immediate and long-term harm to human health. Water pollution also often severely damages aquatic ecosystems. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are used as open sewers for industrial and residential waste.

We can stop water pollution by treating waste products before disposing of it in water bodies that helps reduce water pollution on a large scale. Agriculture or other industries can reuse this wastewater by reducing its toxic contents