FYBSC IT ( SEM 2 ) NUMERICAL METHODS

 FYBSC IT ( SEM 2 ) NUMERICAL METHODS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 

UNIT 1 ( 15 MARKS )

1.State the characteristics of typical mathematical models of physical world. Explain with example.

2.Discuss the conservation laws and engineering with respect to mathematical models.

3.Define significant figures, accuracy ,precision , truncation error.

4.Define absolute,relative,percentage and roundoff errors

5.For x = 3.4537 is correct upto 4 significant figures find relative and percentage error

6.Suppose that you have the task of measuring the lengths of a bridge and a rivet and come upwith 9999 and 9 cm, respectively. If the true values are 10,000 and 10 cm, respectively,compute (i) the true error and (ii) the true percent relative error for each case

7.Let p = 0.54617 and q = 0.54601. Use four-digit arithmetic to approximate p − q and determine the absolute and relative errors using (i) rounding and (ii) chopping.

8.Use zero- through third-order Taylor series expansions to predict f (3) for 𝑓 (𝑥) = 25𝑥3 − 6𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 88 using a base point at x = 1.

9. Create a hypothetical floating-point number set for a machine that stores information using7-bit words. Employ the first bit for the sign of the number, the next three for the sign andthe magnitude of the exponent, and the last three for the magnitude of the mantissa

10. Compute the condition number for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥̃ =𝜋/2+ 0.1 (𝜋/2) & 

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥̃ =𝜋/2+ 0.01 (𝜋/2)

11. Explain blunders, formulation errors and data uncertainty.

12.Use Taylor series expansions with n = 0 to 6 to approximate 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 at x = π/3 on the basis of the value of f (x) and its derivatives at xi =π/4.

13. Evaluate and interpret the condition number for𝑓 (𝑥) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥/1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1.0001𝜋

14. What are total numerical errors? Discuss stability and condition of a mathematical Problem.

UNIT 2 ( 15 MARKS )

1. Use the Bisection method to find solutions accurate to within 10−2 for

 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 14𝑥 − 6 = 0 in the interval [3.2, 4].

2.The fourth-degree polynomial 𝑓 (𝑥) = 230𝑥 4 + 18𝑥3 + 9𝑥 2 − 221𝑥 – 9 in

[0, 1] correct up to 4 decimal places using Regula-Falsi method.

3.Find the root of 4𝑥2 − 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 = 0 using Newton Raphson correct upto 4 decimal places using initial value as 1.

4.Given the cube of integers in the following table. Find the values of (53. 5 ) and 153 using Newton’s interpolation formula.

5.Find f (0.9) if f (0.6) = −0.17694460, f (0.7) = 0.01375227, f (0.8) = 0.22363362,

f(1.0) = 0.65809197 using Lagrange’s Interpolation formula.

6.Using appropriate interpolation formula find f(4.25) from the table:

X     4.0      4.1      4.2    4.3      4.4     4.5

f(x) 27.21 30.18 33.35 36.06 40.73 54.01

7.Determine the real root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −26 + 85𝑥 − 91𝑥 2 + 44𝑥3 − 91𝑥2 + 𝑥5 between 0.5 and 1.0 correct up to 3 decimal places using bisection method.

8.Determine the positive real root of ln(𝑥4) = 0.7 between 0.5 and 2 using method of false position.

9.Solve: 𝑥 − 0.8 − 0.2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 using Newton Raphson method correct upto 4 decimal places starting with initial value 0.

10.Using the necessary interpolation formula find f(1) and f(1.5) from the table:

X    –1  0  2  3

f(x) –8  3  1 12

                                               UNIT 3 ( 15 MARKS )

1.Solve the following system by using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method.

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 1, 2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑑 = −2

𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 − 2𝑑 = 4 , 2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2𝑐 − 𝑑 = 0

2.Solve the following system by using the Gauss-Seidel iterative method.

10𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 6 , −𝑎 + 11𝑏 − 𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 25

2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 10𝑐 − 𝑑 = −11 , 3𝑏 − 𝑐 + 8𝑑 = 15

3.Evaluate ∫ √1 − 8𝑥2𝑑𝑥 with limits {0, 0.3} using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.

4.Apply Taylor’s method of order two with N = 10 to the initial-value problem

𝑦′ = 𝑦 − 𝑡 2 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 ≤, 𝑦 (0) = 0.5

5.Using modified Euler’s method find the solution of

𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1; 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ℎ = 0.25

Given log 280 = 2.4472, log 281 = 2.4487, log 283 = 2.4518, log 286 = 2.4564. Find

[ 𝑑/𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)] 𝑥=280

Evaluate the following using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.

∫𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃/5 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 for limits (0 𝜋)

Use Euler’s method to approximate the solution for

𝑦′ = 𝑡−2(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑦), 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2, 𝑦 (1) = 2 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ℎ = 0.5

Solve 𝑦′ = 𝑦 − 𝑡2 + 1, 𝑦(0) = 0.5, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 using Runge Kutta 4th order method with h = 0.5

UNIT 4 ( 15 MARKS )

1.Fit an exponential model to:

x 0.4  0.8   1.2   1.6     2.0     2.3

y 800 975 1500 1950 2900 3600

2.Find the least square polynomial approximation of degree two to the data

x   0   1 2  3   4

y –4 –1 4 11 20

3.Find the best-fit values of a and b so that y = a + bx fits the data given in the table.

x 0  1    2     3   4

y 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3

4.A painter has exactly 32 units of yellow dye and 54 units of green dye. He plans to mix as manyGallons as possible of colour A and colour B. Each gallon of colour A requires 4 units of yellow Dye and 1 unit of green dye. Each gallon of colour B requires 1 unit of yellow dye and 6 units of Green dye. Find the maximum number of gallons he can mix graphically.

5.Rita wants to buy x oranges and y peaches from the store. She must buy at least 5 oranges andThe number of oranges must be less than twice the number of peaches. An orange weighs150 Grams and a peach weighs 100 grams. Joanne can carry not more than 3.6 kg of fruits home. I) Write 3 inequalities to represent the information given above.ii) Plot the inequalities on the Cartesian grid and show the region that satisfies all theInequalities. Label the region S. iii) Oranges cost ₹ 0.70 each and peaches cost ₹ 0.90 each. Find the maximum that Rita Can spend buying the fruits

Fit a second order polynomial to the data given below:

x 0      1     2      3       4      5

y 2.1 7.7 13.6 27.2 40.9 61.1

Fit a straight line to the given data regarding x as the independent variable.

x   1       2      3      4     5    6

y 1200 900 600 200 110 50

Consider the data below: Use linear least-squares regression to determine a function of the form y = bemx for the given data by specifying b and m.

x 1 2  3   4

y 1 7 11 21

A farmer can plant up to 8 acres of land with wheat and barley. He can earn ₹ 5,000 forevery acre he plants with wheat and ₹ 3,000 for every acre he plants with barley. Hisuse of a necessary pesticide is limited by federal regulations to 10 gallons for his entire 8 acres. Wheat requires 2 gallons of pesticide for every acre planted and barley requires just 1 gallon per acre. What is the maximum profit he can make? Solve graphically.

The Bead Store sells material for customers to make their own jewelry. Customer canselect beads from various bins. Grace wants to design her own Halloween necklace fromorange and black beads. She wants to make a necklace that is at least 12 inches long, butno more than 24 inches long. Grace also wants her necklace to contain black beads thatare at least twice the length of orange beads. Finally, she wants her necklace to have atleast 5 inches of black beads.Find the constraints, sketch the problem and find the vertices (intersection points).

UNIT 5

The mileage C in thousands of miles which car owners get with a certain kind of tyre is a Random variable having probability density function

𝑓(𝑥) = 1/20 𝑒− 𝑥20 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0

= 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 0

Find the probabilities that one of these tyres will last

i. At most 10000 miles

ii. Anywhere from 16000 to 24000 miles

iii. At least 30000 miles

b. A petrol pump is supplied with petrol once a day. If its daily volume X of sales in thousands

Of litres is distributed by

𝑓(𝑥) = 5(1 − 𝑥)4, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

what must be the capacity of its tank in order that the probability that its supply will be

Exhausted in a given day shall be 0.01?

c. A continuous random variable X has a p.d.f.

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Find a and b such that

i. P(X ≤ a) = P(X > a) and

ii. P(X > b) = 0.05

What is the probability of getting a total of 9 (i) twice and (ii) at least twice in 6 tosses of a

Pair of dice?

In a precision bombing attack there is a 50% chance that any one bomb will strike the target.

Two direct hits are required to destroy the target completely. How many bombs must be?

Dropped to give a 99% chance or better of completely destroying the target?

A car hire firm has two cars which it fires out day by day. The number of demands for a car

On each day is distributed as Poisson variety with mean 1.5. Calculate the proportion of days

On which (i) neither car is used (ii) some demand is refused.

The diameter of an electric cable; say X, is assumed to be a continuous random variable with p.d. f. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 ( 1 − 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

(i) Check that above is p.d.f,

(ii) Determine a number b such that P (X < b) = P (X> b)

Define and explain the concept of probability density function.

The probability mass function of a random variable X is zero except at the points 𝑖 = 0, 1,2.

At these points it has the values 𝑝 (0) = 3𝑐3, 𝑝(1) = 4𝑐 − 10𝑐 2, 𝑝(2) = 5𝑐 − 1 for some 𝑐 > 0.

(i) Determine the value of c.

(ii) Compute the following probabilities, 𝑃 (𝑋 < 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (1 < 𝑋 ≤ 2).

(iii) Describe the distribution function and draw its graph.

(iv) Find the largest x such that 𝐹 (𝑥) < 1

(v) Find the smallest x such that 𝐹 (𝑥) ≥ 1

What is exponential distribution? Suppose the time till death after infection with Cancer, is

exponentially distributed with mean equal to 8 years. If X represents the time till death after infection with Cancer, then find the percentage of people who die within five years after infection with Cancer.

The price for a litre of whole milk is uniformly distributed between Rs. 45 and Rs. 55 during July in Mumbai. Give the equation and graph the pdf for X, the price per litre of whole milk during July. Also determine the percent of stores that charge more than Rs. 54 per litre.

The monthly worldwide average number of airplane crashes of commercial airlines is 2.2. What is the probability that there will be (i) more than 2 such accidents in the next month? (ii) more than 4 such accidents in the next 2 months?

hscenglishunit4novel

 

SECTION IV: GENRE-NOVEL

Q. 5 NOVEL (16 Marks)

Q.5.A.History of Novel (4.1)

Q. 5 A Complete the activities given below as per the instructions. (4 Marks)

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the sentence:

i. Eighteenth century gifted mankind with….

a) Drama and poetry

b) Novel and drama

c) Poetry and novel

d) Novel and periodical essays

ii. Novel soon became dominant literary genre as it ….

a) Helped people to live a more purposeful life.

b) Caught the intellectual, sentimental and realistic spirit.

C) Grew gradually and gained popularity.

d) All of these.

iii. Indian writers in English Novel initially wrote about the theme of …..

a) Domestic violence.

b) Nationalistic and Social virtues.

c) Scientific theories.

d) Psychological insights.

iv. Gothic novel contains …….

a) Terror and supernatural.

b) Mystery and thriller.

c) Horror and haunted buildings.

d) All of these.

 

Strike out the unnecessary

Detective fiction is ….

a) A sub-genre of crime fiction.

b) Agatha Christie mastered the art of crime fiction.

c) Detectives can be professional or amateur.

d) Protagonist is a necessarily an eccentric person.

2. Fill in the blanks by choosing correct alternative.

1) A novel is relatively a..................... narrative.

(Short / long /descriptive)

2) English word „Novel‟ is derived from the Italian word …….

(Novella, Novelle, Novellus)

3) Geoffrey Chaucer wrote …….

(Morte De Arthur, The Canterbury Tales, Tale of Genji)

4) The Tale of Genji by Muraski Shikabu was published in the year ……

(1010, 1605, 1050, 1600)

5) „The Pilgrims Progress‟ is a Novel written by …..

(John Bunyan, Aphra Behn, Daniel Defoe)

6)is the pioneer of the „Stream of Consciousness‟ novel.

(Agatha Christie, Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf)

7) The first Indian English novel „Rajmohan‟s wife‟ was written by …

(Mulkraj Anand, R.K.Narayan, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya)

8) Joseph Conrad wrote the novella named as …….

(Billy Budd, The Heart of Darkness, Pearl)

9) Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with.........

(Futuristic settings, death and decay, earlier period than of writing)

10) The famous trio of Indian writers is …………

(Mulkraj Anand, R.K.Narayan, Raja Rao / Amitav Ghosh, ManoharMalgaonkar,Mulkraj Anand / Amitav Ghosh ,R.K.Narayan,Arvind Adiga)

3. Chronological Order

1. Write in chronological order

a) Murasaki Shikibu‟s Tale of Genji

b) Greek Romances

c) The appearance of magazines and newspapers

d) Chaucer‟s The Canterbury Tales

Ans: (b, a, c, d)

2. Write in chronological order

a) Industrial Revolution

b) Drama and Poetry started fading away

c) Novel gained popularity

d) The rise of middle class

Ans: (a,d,c,b)

3. Given below are some novels, events and writers of Indian English. Arrange them in chronological order. (d, a, b, c)

a) Rise of famous Indian Trio

b) Nayantara Sahgal, Arun Joshi, Manohar Malgaonkar

c) Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, Kiran Nagarkar

d) Rajmohan‟s Wife by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya

Ans: (d,a,b,c)

4. Given below are some Novels in English literature. Arrange them in their order of their appearance.

a) The Pilgrim‟s Progress and Oroonaku

b) Ecologues and Morte De Arthur

c) Pamela and Gulliver‟s Travels

d) The Tale of Genji and Don Quxiote

Ans: (b,d,a,c)

4. State whether the following sentences are True or False

1. Novel is recognized as the most dominant literary genre in modern times.

Ans: True

2. A Novel is relatively a short narrative.

Ans: False

3. „Tale of Genji‟ is described as world‟s first novel.

Ans:True

4. Middle class people had a little interest in romances and tragedies.

Ans:True

5. Novel gave voice to the aspirations and longings of middle class.

Ans:True

 

6. The women novelists haven‟t contributed significantly in English Literature.

Ans:False

7. Novella is greater in length than Novel.

Ans:False

8. Setting doesn‟t affect plot or characters.

Ans:False

9. The struggle in opposite forces in a story is called as conflict.

Ans:True

10. Epistolary Novel is a series of correspondence, other documents and diary entriesas well.

Ans: True

6. Complete the sentence:

1. The Periodical Essay and Novel are the gifts of ………… .

(18th century/ 17th century /19th century)

2. A Novel is relatively a ………….

(a short narrative fiction/ a long narrative fiction / a fiction of moderate length)

3. The industrial revolution gave birth to ……… .

(poor class/ middle class/ rich class)

4. Appearance of newspaper in 18 th century attracted a large number of readers from

……….. (poor class/ middle class/ rich class)

5. Rise of Novel as a literary genre resulted in lowering the importance of ………………

(poetry/ drama/ Drama and Poetry)

6. Salman Rushdie, V. S. Naipaul, Kazuo Ishigura are ………..

(Indian authors/ immigrant authors/writers of Indian origin)

5. Match the following

1. Match essential elements of the novel in column A with relevant points in column B.

1. A	B
1.Theme	A. Can be a thumbnail or deep detailed sketch
2.Plot	B. The background of the Story
3.Character	C. Philosophical statement, a central idea
4.Setting	D. Course of the Events
Ans: A	B
1.Theme	Philosophical statement, a central idea
2.Plot	Course of the Events
3.Character	Can be a thumbnail or deep detailed sketch
4.Setting	The background of the Story
2. A	B
1.Theme	A. Philosophical statement, a central idea
2. Plot	B. The struggle in between opposite forces
3. Conflict	C. Techniques of the narration
4. language, Style	D. Course of the Events

 

ANS

1.Theme	Philosophical statement, a central idea
2. Plot	Course of the Events
3. Conflict	The struggle in between opposite forces.
4. language, Style	Techniques of the Narration

Q 5 B Novel- To Sir, With Love (4.2)

Q. 5 B Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below. (4 marks)

1. Half yearly report of the student’s council highlights the conduct of Braithwaite‟s‟class.Justify.

Ans:

The conduct of students of Braithwaite’s class during the half yearly report was remarkable. They spoke knowledgably about their coursework and placed much emphasis on what they have learnt rather what they were taught. Each student came out as a surprise in their presentation. They presented their report in business-like manner.

2. In the questioning session Denham was expressing few students‟ feelings. Illustrate.

Ans:

Denman addressed and criticised the pattern of PT and games in school. He stressed on the fact that the school space limitations and activities too are limited. He complained that PT was pointless and monotonous and said that it would be better it to play a jolly good game than PT. All the boys gave him a loud cheer, it was because he was expressing their feelings.

3. Miss Philips effectively handled the questioning session. Give supporting details.

Ans:

Miss Philips dealt with questions put to her with candor and authority. She would skillfully intervene to assist one of the other teachers without causing an embarrasement. While Denham criticizing the PT and games, again she took the reins and her stock promptly and very skillfully answered back to Denham’s question.

4. Write a short note on the event which took place on 15th November in GreensladeSchool.

Ans:

15th November was an important day for the students of Greenslade School as they had half yearly council report. Everyone was excited and was looking forward for this day. It was the day of children, as they arrange, present and control it. They allocate the duties among themselves in businesslike manner to make a neat programme. Each child arrived with proper and neat uniform

5. The extract presents the narrator as a silent observer of the events. Explain.

Ans:

As the event of Haly yearly report was entirely arranged, presented and controlled by the students themselves, having no much role of teachers to play, the narrator is the mute spectator of the entire happenings rather he is very surprised by his class’s conduct in managing the programme.

6. „Analyzing the change in the students‟ behaviour in the presentation‟ is the central theme.

Ans:

Each student acted business-like and professional. Beginning with the short quick introduction of Miss Joseph introducing all the presenters, to Denham addressing every girl with “Miss” before their names. Even the clever understanding of Miss Dare that her contribution has become anti-climax, respite communicating her thoughts.

7. Denham and Miss Joseph played a key role in the presentation of the half yearly report of students‟ council. Illustrate.

Ans:

Miss Joseph was the one who started with introduction and short explanation of Student council’s purpose and activities. She explained with great detail to all the students giving a broad understanding of the entire council meeting. On the other hand Denham was sharp, crisp , confident and clear in expressing his points leaving a good mark to the juniors on being

confident on the topic you are raising and speaking. He was at the same time very courteous to refer girls with “Miss”. This illustrates the fact that Denham and Miss Joseph played a key role.

8. The senior students presented their class report more confidently than the junior students. Give reasons.

Ans:

There were many at the age of 12 years who joined the school previous summer, for which they were shy and frightened to stand before the school. Also with every increase in class students gain an ability to express themselves. Hence the seniors presented more confidently than the juniors

9. Fernman was innovative and dramatic in his presentation. Discuss in brief.

Ans:

Fernman presented his topic by bringing a skeleton on the stage which was joint by a hanger. He indeed created a humorous and light environment and it grabbed everyone’s attention. Now that everyone was attentive, he pitched his point to explain on a very serious note that all humans are same. This gathered him huge applause. Hence Fernman was innovative and dramatic in his presentation.

10. The stage has a great impact on the presentations of the students. Justify the statement.

Ans:

Indeed speaking “in” a group speaking “to” a group are two different aspects. Stage creates an impact of you being in the limelight where upon all eyes are upto what you say and how you say. This makes the speaker more watchful in tone and language. It enhances your public speaking confidence. It gives an idea of the other side of the table where you stand and address the crowd. Hence the stage has a great impact on the presentations of the students.

Q. 5 C Novel- Around the World in 80 days (4.3)

Q. 5 C Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below. (4 marks)

1. Explain how the author has made use of International Date Line and time zones in his novel.

Ans:

The writer constantly travelled eastward towards sun which unconsciously gave him 4 minutes as he crossed degrees. There are 360 degrees on the circumference of the earth which gained him 24 hours. This is how the writer made use of the International Date Line and time zones.

2. 'Money was never a concern for Mr. Phileas Fogg; it was for honour he accepted the wager.'Discuss.

Ans:

Phileas Fogg had little to do with the wager money. He wanted to preserve his honor and prove the worth to the men of the Reform Club to show that he can do what he sets out to do. Hence, it is proved that “Money was never a concern for Mr. Phileas Fogg; it was for honour he accepted the wager”

3. Phileas Fogg's travel around the world was full of adventures and surprises. Illustrate.

Ans:

Throughout the entire trip, Fogg and his group encounter various obstacles standing in their way. They crossed various lands and meets with diverse adventures. Thus the novel proceeds at a fast pace and there is always some excitement resulting from the various encounters . The journey gives many hair-raising ncidents and exciting, adventurous, thrilling yet beautiful places in the world.

4. Explain how the time gained of a full day is revealed to Mr. Fogg.

Ans:

It was when Passepartout was sent to notify a reverend for Mr.Fogg and Auoda’s marriage, he comes to know that they have arrived 24 hours ahead of time. This was because of them travelling eastward towards sun that gained them unconsciously a full day.

5. Passepartout stations himself outside Phileas‟ door. Give reasons.

Ans:

Knowing that Englishmen governed by a fixed idea sometimes resort to the desperate expedient of suicide, Passepartout kept a narrow watch upon his master, though he carefully concealed the appearance of so doing. Hence he stationed himself outside Phileas’s door.

6. Passepartout blamed himself for the misfortune of his master. Justify.

Ans:

Passepartout blamed himself for the misfortune of his master because he knew Fix’s motive and concealed the errand of Fix from his master. He knew the real purpose and character of Fix earlier but did not mention the same to his master. He thought if he would have warned his master before , his master would have given proof of his innocence and thus would not lead to the inevitable fate of being arrested.

7. Compare the remorse in the minds of Mr. Fogg and Aouda for the seeming failure of his wager.

Ans:

Aouda thought that it was because of her that Mr.Fogg was delayed, if Fogg would not have cared about her safety he would have reached on time to win his wager. On the other hand Mr. Fogg was dejected that now he has got nothing much to provide for Aouda’s comfort.

8. Explain the stress on the mind of Fogg after returning from world tour at Saville Row.

Ans:

After returning to Saville Row, Fogg was quite and gave little instructions. He excused himself with an excuse that he needs to set his affairs in order. He was mediating on some project. The bill from gas company too gave him concern. The concern of not having enough to provide Aouda also crossed his mind. This explains the stress on the mind of Fogg after returning from world tour at Saville Row

9. Narrate the happenings at Reform Club on the 80th day of the wager.

Ans:

A great crowd was collected in Pall Mall on the 80th day. Multitude of brokers were around. Circulation were impeded. Everywhere there were disputes and discussions.The police had great difficulty in handling the crowd. The five antagonist of Fogg were nervous and counted his minutes in the clock. As Mr. Fogg entered on 55th second , a loud cry was heard in the street, followed by applause, hurrahs, and some fierce growls.

10. There was no general agreement about Mr. Fogg‟s success in the opponents. Discuss.

Ans:

The five antagonist differ in their opinion about Mr.Fogg’s winning the wager. One Andrew Stuart was very sure that Fogg had clearly lost the wager and is not possible for him to reach the Reform club on time. Although Samuel Fallentin warned everyone not to rush as Fogg is too particular about time and that it wouldn’t be a surprise if he arrives the last minute.

11. Narrate the happenings at a prison where Fogg was kept under arrest.

Ans:

Mr. Fogg was sitting motionless, calm, and without apparent anger, upon a wooden bench.It seemed that he hasn’t quit yet. Mr. Fogg carefully put his watch upon the table, and observed its advancing hands. Not a word escaped his lips, but his look was singularly set and stern.

12. All is well that ends well. Justify in the light of the extract from the novel „Around the World in Eighty Days.‟

Ans:

Fogg did the whole expedition, got arrested when reached the soil of London. Train was not on time, so paid a little more and booked a special train. Unfortunately couldn’t meet the time. It was when Passepartout comes to know that we still have some time to reach the club and win the wager, then a cab is hired and paid little extra pounds to drive the hardest he can. Running over two dogs and overturned five carriages, they atlast reach the reform club on time. Hence All is well that ends well is justified.

13. Winning the heart is preferred to the winning of wager. Express by supporting the details.

Ans:

Fogg’s object was very clear that winning the experience, friendship, love was far more important than winning a wager. He divided his last one thousand pound and gave a share to Detective Fix against whom he hold no grudges. For him the rewards was the charming woman that he found during the expedition.

Q. 5 D Novel- The Sign of Four (4.4)

Q. 5 D Answer in about 50 words to the questions given below. (4 marks)

1. The reception of six pearls helps the story to move forward by providing some connection with the other happenings. Illustrate.

Ans:

It was Sherlock who inquired with Miss Morstan if the handwriting on the letter received and the handwriting on the pearl box address were the same. Upon perusing the papers it was understood to Sherlock that the handwriting were same although written with disguised hands. This led to the first step to move forward that the send of the pearl had some connection with the case of Miss Morstan’s missing father.

2. Describe the desired destination of the parties in your words by providing some details.

Ans:

Miss Morstan, Sherlock Homes and Dr.Watson were on their desired destination. They were taken to the forbidden neightbourhood. The area was not inhabitated. Their cab stopped at a house which was as dark as others. A single glimmer appeared in the kitchen. It was a third rate suburban dwelling house. Here they were invited to discuss about the important issue of Treasure.

3. Write the character sketch of Sherlock Holmes as a professional detective.

Ans:

(i) Sherlock Holmes is the protagonist and brilliant detective.

(ii) He has supreme intelligence which allows him to solve the case.

(iii) Because of Holmes’ intellectual and deductive abilities, Miss Morstan asks him to help her solve the case of her missing father, Captain Morstan

(iv) Holmes is intellectual, restless and Observant.

4. Compare the thought process of Holmes and Dr. Watson in handling the case.

Ans:

Sherlock was observant and had done his findings. He observed and read the Times to figure our the connection. He had a hunch and instinct as to what was going to happen. He was observant and determined in all his ways. On the other hand Dr.Watson was more inclined and thought more about the visitor (Miss Morstan) rather than her case. He was emotional and sympathetic towards her in the entire process.

5. Narrate the case of Miss Morstan in your words.

Ans:

It has almost been 10 years that her father, Captain Morstan was missing upon reaching London. She tried finding her father with every possible means but to no avail. Six years later she starts receiving lustrous pearl from unknown sender. Now she has received a letter asking her to meet the sender of the letter at Lecyum Theathre as the sender knows some fact which Mary should be aware of. Hence Mary comes to Sherlock Homles with her matter.

6. Sherlock Holmes deduced facts from the back files of the times. Justify by providing few details.

Ans:

Sherlock discovered a suggestive fact by consulting the back files of the Times, wherein he found that disappearance of Captain Morstan and then later death of Major Sholto, post which Mary receiving the pearls has some interconnection. He deduces that it is someone Sholto’s heir who knows something of the mystery and desires to compensate Mary

7. „You are a wronged woman, and shall have justice‟. Interpret the statement to highlight the conflict in Miss Morstan‟s mind.

Ans:

The uncertain missing of his father, the receiving of the pearls, and now the receipt of the letter with the statement that You are a wronged woman, and shall have justice’ made Mary entirely confused, scared and clueless. She might have thought about some wrong that have occurred to her father. She might have assumed the existence of her father. Although she was nervous , she maintained her calm and composed manner.

8. Dr. Watson reflects Miss Morstan's state of mind. Discuss with some examples.

Ans:

Later that afternoon when Mary left from Sherlock’s house after stating the case, Dr.Watson thought about Mary and calculated the fact that if she were seventeen at the time of her father’s disappearance she must be seven-and-twenty now,—a sweet age, when youth has lost its self-consciousness and become a little sobered by experience.

9. Holmes had a competence about the route of their travel. Suggest some points to clarify the statement.

Ans:

Holmes was absolutely aware of the route of their travel. He started muttering the names of the Roads and Streets as the cab passed by. He correct named the place where they were moving such as Rochester Row, Vincent Square Vauxhall Bridge Road, Surrey Side, bridge of Thames river, Wordsworth Road, Priory Road, Lark Hall Lane, Stockwell Place, Robert Street, Cold Harbor Lane.

10. The mention of new places adds a pace to the story. Justify.

Ans:

The story dates back to the old India where Britishers were in charge. It mentions the location of Agra and Andaman Island. The story revolves around the treasure of Agra. It then opens at the place of Sherlock Holmes at Baker Street. It takes us to the place of Lyceum Theatre. Further the mention of strange family estate of Thaddeus. While proceeding towards the estate of Thaddeus the strange location adds a pace to the story.

11. M Morstan found Holmes as right person to handle her case. Give reason.

Ans:

M Morstan found Holmes as right person to handle her case because she had an experience of Holmes in a case which he was solving for Mrs. Cecil Forrestor. Holmes had unraveled a domestic complication with his skills. It so proved that Holmes would be the right person to take her case.

12. Write the character sketch of Dr. Watson as a sensitive character.

Ans:

1) He is Holmes partner and roommate.

2) He has a strong sense of honor and discretion.

3) He understands and feels empathy towards Ms Morstan.

4) Though he is in love with Miss Morstan, he does not expresses with an view that she might think that his love is for the Agra Treasure.

13. The paper found in the desk of captain Morstan is the center of the action. Explain.

Ans:

The paper found in the desk of Captain Morstan indicated that it was a paper manufactured in India. The diagram in the paper appeared to be of a fort like building. Further it has a hieroglyphic like four crosses in a line with their arms touching with the names underneath Jonathan Small, Mahomet Singh, Abdullah Khan, Dost Akbar. This document bears the same name as the note kept on Major Sholto’s dead body.

14. “I may be very obtuse, Holmes, but I fail to see what this suggests.” Justify the statement by highlighting the difference in deducing the case.

Ans:

Holmes was sharp to link the case of Sholto’s death with missing father of Mary, Major Morstan along with the strange receipt of the lustrous pearls to Mary. He deduced that it is someone from Sholto’s heir who knows something that he wants Mary to know about. Whereas Dr.Watson was little slow to understand the entire link to the case.

15. Find support from the text which elaborates the tone of the narrator when he compares himself with Miss Morstan.

Ans:

The supporting paragraph which elaborates the tone of the narrator while comparing himself with Miss Morstan is , “What was I, an army surgeon with a weak leg and a weaker banking-account that I should dare to think of such things? She was a unit, a factor,—nothing more. If my future were black, it was better surely to face it like a man than to attempt to brighten it by mere will-o’-the-wisps of the imagination”

16. The narrator makes Miss Morstan‟s journey comfortable while going to an unknown place.Narrate in your words.

Ans:

The narrator started to cheer and amuse Miss Morstan by reminiscences of his adventures in Afghanistan; where he had once shot a tiger cub with double barreled musket on a deadly night.

17. „The coachman is described as a faithful servant‟. Justify the statement in your words.

Ans:

The coachman is indeed a faithful servant as he dutifully waited near Lyceum theatre until Miss Morstan and her companions arrived. When he gauged the arrival of Miss Morstan he quickly interrogated if either of the companions were police officers. Upon verbal assurance, he called up a carriage and with full speed took the trio to his masters house.

18. Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary Morstan reached at the third pillar of the Lyceum Theatre. Describe the state of mind of the trio.

Ans:

As they reached at the Lyceum Theatre the crowds were already thick at the side-entrances. There was quite a commotion near the front of people , horses, carriages and four wheelers. It was a strange and unknown feeling, as everything could be an illusion. A state of confusion, nervousness and anxiety ran their mind.

HSC EVS PROJECTWORK ON CARBON FOOTPRINT

 

HSC EVS PROJECTWORK ON CARBON FOOTPRINT

 

INTRODUCTION

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions. A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, service, place or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be emitted through the burning of fossil fuels, land clearance, and the production and consumption of food, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.

Globally, the average carbon footprint is closer to 4 tons. To have the best chance of avoiding a 2℃ rise in global temperatures, the average global carbon footprint per year needs to drop to under 2 tons by 2050.

Lowering individual carbon footprints from 16 tons to 2 tons doesn’t happen overnight! By making small changes to our actions, like eating less meat, taking fewer connecting flights and line drying our clothes, we can start making a big difference.

IMPORTANCE

The carbon footprint is important as:

It is also an important component of the Ecological Footprint, since it is one competing demand for biologically productive space. Carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel accumulate in the atmosphere if there is not enough bio capacity dedicated to absorb these emissions.

Because of increasing concern about global climate change and carbon emissions as a causal factor, many companies and organizations are pursuing “carbon footprint” projects to estimate their own contributions to global climate change. Protocol definitions from carbon registries help organizations analyse their footprints. The scope of these protocols varies but generally suggests estimating only direct emissions and emissions from purchased energy, with less focus on supply chain emissions. In contrast, approaches based on comprehensive environmental life-cycle assessment methods are available to track total emissions across the entire supply chain, and experience suggests that following narrowly defined estimation protocols will generally lead to large underestimates of carbon emissions for providing products and services

Direct emissions from an industry are, on average, only 14% of the total supply chain carbon emissions (often called Tier 1 emissions), and direct emissions plus industry energy inputs are, on average, only 26% of the total supply chain emissions (often called Tier 1 and 2 emissions). Without a full knowledge of their footprints, firms will be unable to pursue the most cost-effective carbon mitigation strategies. We suggest that firms use the screening-level analysis described here to set the bounds of their foot printing strategy to ensure that they do not ignore large sources of environmental effects across their supply chains. Such information can help firms pursue carbon and environmental emission mitigation projects not only within their own plants but also across their supply chain.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to reduce the carbon foot printing

Reducing your carbon footprint is important because it mitigates the effects of global climate change, improves public health, boosts the global economy, and maintains biodiversity. When we cut carbon emissions we help ensure cleaner air, water, and food for our generation and for generations yet to come.

Increasing global temperature is a serious challenge for our generation and the generations to come. The temperature of the earth’s atmosphere has increased by 1.4 °F since 1900. Even though this change may seem insignificant, this temperature change is believed to already be causing climate change in some parts of the world. Steps can be taken to educate future generations on the many negative effects of global temperature increase and understand its potential causes. Scientists are trying to determine whether this increase is part of a natural cycle, or caused by human activity. Many scientists believe that increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may be responsible for increasing temperatures. Carbon dioxide is produced as a by-product of burning fossil fuels, something that modern societies require. This means that everyone has a carbon dioxide (or carbon) footprint and it is highly dependent on lifestyle choices such as transportation, diet, and purchases. This activity will help students understand the effect of their life choices on their carbon footprint. It will also help them recognize the lifestyle choices available to them that would lower their carbon footprint. Additionally, students will also be asked to critically think whether the options for lowering their carbon footprint available are actions that they are willing to take.

METHODOLOGY

Carbon Footprint first calculates energy use as a function of compute usage and data centre resource requirements. Then, Carbon Footprint calculates location-based carbon emissions from electricity use, and allocates those emissions across customers and further across each customer's purchased products.

Commonly used methodologies for calculating organizational carbon footprints include the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, from the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, and ISO 14064, a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization dealing specifically with greenhouse gas emissions. Several organizations, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Nature Conservancy, and British Petroleum, created carbon calculators on the Internet for individuals. Such calculators allow people to compare their own estimated carbon footprints with the national and world averages.

Carbon footprints are different from a country’s reported per capita emissions (for example, those reported under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Rather than the greenhouse gas emissions associated with production, carbon footprints focus on the greenhouse gas emissions associated with consumption. They include the emissions associated with goods that are imported into a country but are produced elsewhere and generally take into account emissions associated with international transport and shipping, which is not accounted for in standard national inventories. As a result, a country’s carbon footprint can increase even as carbon emissions within its borders decrease.

OBSERVATIONS

Carbon footprint was calculated at my place using a Carbon footprint calculator form the internet site:  https://www.climatestewards.org

The following things were observed.

ANALYSIS:

By the above observations we analysed that we are emitting 211kgCO3 of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which contributes to global warming.

Restoring tropical forests is the best way to offset your carbon dioxide emissions while rebuilding habitats for endangered species. Our forests soak up about 20 tons of CO2 per hectare per year and do so for 20+ years.

Our portfolio of projects targets three issues facing our planet – climate change, mass species extinctions, and environmental degradation.  As a result, supporting our work has a triple bottom line, helping to rebuild a planet pushed to extremes.

Surprisingly, it only takes $90 year to create a wildlife corridor that will absorb the average U.S. consumer’s CO2 emissions for an entire year.  Take the first step to erase your carbon footprint.  Experts agree, we can’t solve climate change without trees.

RESULT & CONCLUSION

Large carbon footprints deplete resources on large and small scales, from a country's deforestation activities to one home's increased use of air conditioning. The more those with large carbon footprints use resources, the more greenhouse gases increase and spur further climate change.Carbon footprint from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of nuclear power (a zero carbon emissions energy source) and alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.

Reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted, is an example of Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[99] Carbon offsetting can reduce a company’s overall carbon footprint by offering a carbon credit. Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs, are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and coal. While this is harmful to the environment, carbon offsets can be purchased in an attempt to make up for these harmful effects. The Kyoto Protocol defines legally binding targets and timetables for cutting the GHG emissions of industrialized countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol.

HSC 2023 ( SCIENCE ) MOST IMP QUESTIONS

 HSC 2023 ( SCIENCE ) MOST IMP QUESTIONS 

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