Monday, 22 November 2021

HSC EVS CLASS 12

HSC EVS CLASS 12

PROJECT WORK ON 

VISITED HISTORICAL PLACE NEAR ME AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OVER THERE.

Introduction

In this project, I will discuss about a visit a prominent historical place we have visited nearby and discuss its importance. I will discuss about the environmental issues the area is facing and methods to reduce or eliminate those issues

The place I visited is the shivneri fort, Shivneri Fort is a 17th-century military fortification located near Junnar in Pune district in Maharashtra, India. Shivneri Fort is a hill fort located at the northern side of Pune, with Junnar as its base. It is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The fort was built by Shahaji Raje, Shivaji's father, to secure his son and wife Jijamata, against the invaders and natural calamities.

As this fort is of a great historical and architectural importance hence I have selected this topic

Shivneri is a travel destination in Maharashtra which is visited by many people for a number of reasons. It is located in Pune district of Maharashtra and the initiator of Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born here. Shivaji was named after the Shivai Devi Goddess whose temple is there inside the fort. During the 1st century AD this place was under the control of Buddhists. Tourism in Shivneri is mainly due to the beautiful design and architecture of the fort.

Currently the fort has lesser number of tourists due to covid pandemic however tourists flow is expected to increase in coming time. The fort is also facing environmental issues such as deforestation on the slopes of the hill and pollution due to plastic waste, vehicular pollution the state government has given an administrative sanction of Rs23.5 crore for the conservation, beautification and development of Shivneri fort.


Importance

This project work is important since it helps us to understand the environmental issues the area is facing and will help us to reduce or eliminate the same

This project work is important for understanding the deforestation around the area of the fort as it leads to loose soil around the fort and during heavy rains. Recently last year Portions of two structures have fallen during the heavy rains. It is very important for us to stop deforestation and create a public awareness for the same. Strict laws should be enforced for people breaking the rules.

This project work is important for understanding the environmental issue of pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic, vehicular pollution and chemical wastes from the industries nearby the fort.

This project work is important as it will help us understand the issues such as deforestation, pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries and it is important to find ways to minimize or eliminate them.


Objectives:

To work for protecting and promoting healthy natural environment through various action programmers and environment awareness creation among and education of the people.

To work for healthy, neat and clean historical areas such as forts and natural environments around them.

To work to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources and energy sources around the visited historical area.

To work for rehabilitation of victims of environment disasters around the historical area

To work on issues such as deforestation around the historical area, and find ways to minimize or eliminate them.

This work on issues such as  pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries and find ways to minimize or eliminate them.


Methodology:

This project is based on research done by me by visiting the fort for a short period of time as the fort timing is reduced because of the corona virus pandemic.  It is not possible to go out and do research for longer period of time.  Hence most part of my readings and observations are obtained from internet.

I have obtained information from the following websites

www.wikipedia.com

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/

https://www.hindustantimes.com/

https://www.coa.gov.in/

https://indianexpress.com/

https://www.mumbailive.com/

 The data collection method used for this project has come from inputs from locals and nearby villages from the fort hill and because of the restrictions from the government due to the covid pandemic major part of data and observations were collected from the internet 

I have also consulted experts on the subject and discussed the issue of deforestation around the area of the fort as it leads to loose soil around the fort and during heavy rains. Recently last year Portions of two structures have fallen during the heavy rains. They have agreed to work on it and find a solution on the same. Issues such as pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries were also discussed and an expert solution is expected soon. 

Observations:

Sample graph shows amount of plastic waste collected around the fort over a period of 2 weeks

Date

Plastic waste collection in KGS

14-Oct

23

15-Oct

25

16-Oct

27

17-Oct

33

18-Oct

35

19-Oct

21

20-Oct

26

21-Oct

26

22-Oct

28

23-Oct

27

24-Oct

26

25-Oct

33

26-Oct

36

27-Oct

22


Sample graph shows AQI (air quality index) around the fort over a period of 2 weeks

Date

Air quality Index

14-Oct

115

15-Oct

120

16-Oct

121

17-Oct

157

18-Oct

160

19-Oct

120

20-Oct

116

21-Oct

121

22-Oct

123

23-Oct

125

24-Oct

124

25-Oct

160

26-Oct

162

27-Oct

118


Analysis:

Date

Plastic waste collection in KGS

pollution

14-Oct

23

moderate

15-Oct

25

High

16-Oct

27

High

17-Oct

33

Very high

18-Oct

35

Very high

19-Oct

21

High

20-Oct

26

High

21-Oct

26

High

22-Oct

28

High

23-Oct

27

High

24-Oct

26

High

25-Oct

33

Very high

26-Oct

36

Very high

27-Oct

22

Moderate

 

Date

Air quality Index

Quality

14-Oct

115

Good

15-Oct

120

Ok

16-Oct

121

Ok

17-Oct

157

Poor

18-Oct

160

Poor

19-Oct

120

Ok

20-Oct

116

Good

21-Oct

121

Ok

22-Oct

123

Ok

23-Oct

125

Ok

24-Oct

124

Ok

25-Oct

160

Poor

26-Oct

162

Very poor

27-Oct

118

Good


From the data collected for 2 weeks plastic waste pollution and AQI was observed highest on 4 days (17, 18, 25, and 26th).

This is the time when high tourist traffic was observed, with high tourist traffic plastic waste pollution is higher and vehicular pollution is also higher

So to curtail the pollution we have to ban plastic on the hill forts or we have to to set up plastic recycling centre so that plastic waste can be effectively disposed

Also vehicular movement should be limited to a parking space away from the base of hill fort to reduce air pollution in the fort area.


Result and conclusion:

After visiting the fort and understanding the environmental issues over there I have taken the initiative to monitor and observe the environmental issues such as plastic waste pollution and air pollution due to vehicles.

I collected data for plastic pollution and vehicular pollution on daily basis with the help of locals for 15 day period in October this year

On analysing the data, I came to the conclusion the plastic waste pollution is very high on certain days such as week end and public holidays. Plastic waste pollution is very dangerous because it is not bio-degradable and it damages the the eco system.

Similar thing was found in case of vehicular air pollution, bad air quality causes breathing problems to people and livestock’s in the villages near the fort.

To reduce and eliminate the issues I have also suggested solutions to the local authorities which include

Banning of plastic items such as plastic bottles, bags, food packaging.

Setting up a small plastic waste collection centre near the fort so the the waste can be moved properly to nearby recycling centre. Thus plastic waste can be effectively managed

Setting up a parking area away from the fort can control the vehicular and noise pollution effectively.


Wednesday, 27 October 2021

HSC EVS CLASS 12


HSC EVS CLASS 12 

PROJECT WORK ON GLOBAL WARMING

 

INTRODUCTION:

Global warming has emerged as a major problem which the whole world is facing today

Its consequences can prove dangerous not only for us but also for our future generations

I have chosen this project to warn people of the ill effects of global warming

So let’s understand what is global warming

What is global warming?

Global warming is the increase of average world temperatures as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the earth gets hotter.  This process is leading to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate change.


IMPORTANCE:

Global warming is important since it helps determine future climate expectations. Through the use of latitude, one can determine the likelihood of snow and hail reaching the surface. You can also be able to identify the thermal energy from the sun that is accessible to a region. Global warming is the scientific study of climates, which is defined as the mean weather conditions over a period of time. A branch of study within atmospheric sciences, it also takes into account the variables and averages of short-term and long-term weather conditions. Global warming is the unequivocal and continuing rise in the average temperature of earth's climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the warming has occurred in the oceans. Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at earth's surface. Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °c (1.4 °f), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850. Global warming uses from omits group are an open access journal named as journal of climatology and weather forecasting which strives to release issues quarterly and is adamant to publish new findings related to the field of global warming. The mission of the global warming uses provides a forum for publishing new findings on environmental principles and technology. Currently our primary research objective is to encourage and assist the development of better and faster measures of environmental activity. In cases where we believe we can contribute directly, as opposed to through highlighting the work of others, we are producing our own measures of global warming.

 

OBJECTIVES

To work for protecting and promoting healthy natural environment through various action programmers and environment awareness creation among and education of the people.

To work for healthy, neat and clean cities and urban environments

To work for environment health of workers.

To work to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources and energy sources.

To work for creation of new environment education programmers to sensitize the young generation about the importance of environment and environment protection and to incorporate environment sensitivity in the socialization process of the growing up individuals.

To work for the welfare and human development of the vast sections of Indian population who have not come to the modern levels of advancement socially, educationally and economically, by undertaking social, educational and economic empowerment activities, advocating and campaigning for policies to bring about social, educational and economic empowerment of all sections of society.

To work for widening science and technology among the rural, tribal and other disadvantaged sections of society.

To organize health and medical camps with a view to reaching health and medical care to the general masses, especially the disadvantaged sections of the Indian people like the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, socially and educationally backward classes who are also referred to as other backward classes, minorities, female-headed households, handicapped people, mentally challenged persons, destitute women and children.

To work for rehabilitation of victims of environment disasters.

To work to reach justice to all sections of society, especially the disadvantaged sections, namely, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, socially and educationally backward classes, religious minorities, etc.

To work for equipping the general masses of Indian people with the modern technical and professional skills in the areas of communication and information technology.

To work for imparting occupational skills and upgrading skills of workers and professionals with a view to making all Indian people capable of competing for suitable employment opportunities at international level.

To work for rehabilitation of emigrant and displaced Indians; to study their social, cultural and economic issues and to work to get them rehabilitated back into the homeland.

 

METHODOLOGY:

This project is completely based on research done by me on the internet as during the pandemic

It is not possible to go out and do research

I have obtained information from the following websites

https://climate.nasa.com

Www.wikipedia.com

Www.nrdc.com

Www.nationalgeographic.com

Www.org.au

 

OBSERVATION:

We have lot of observations of the earth surface warming during the last few decades. Surface temperature measurements over land and ocean, satellite measurements, weather balloon measurements, ocean temperature measurements and borehole measurements all show clear increase in the average temperature of the earth. Supporting these are the indicators of warming, such as changes in the behaviour and ranges of species, melting glaciers, rising sea level, vanishing sea ice etc.

Main causes of global warming

Burning fossil fuels

Deforestation & tree-clearing

Agriculture & farming

Travel & transportation




Source: internet


ANALYSIS:

Causes for rising emissions

Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

Cutting down forests (deforestation). Trees help to regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial effect is lost and the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere, adding to the greenhouse effect.

Increasing livestock farming. Cows and sheep produce large amounts of methane when they digest their food.

Fertilizers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions.

Fluorinated gases are emitted from equipment and products that use these gases. Such emissions have a very strong warming effect, up to 23 000 times greater than CO2.

 

 

CONCLUSION:

What is the conclusion of global warming and climate change?

Human-induced climate change has contributed to changing patterns of extreme weather across the globe, from longer and hotter heat waves to heavier rains. From a broad perspective, all weather events are now connected to climate change.

The 'Conclusion' confirms that global warming is the major challenge for our global society. There is very little doubt that global warming will change our climate in the next century. ... If implemented now, a lot of the costs and damage that could be caused by changing climate can be mitigated.

  

Tuesday, 19 October 2021

HSC ECONOMICS IMP QUESTIONS

 HSC ECONOMICS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 2022

VERY IMP QUESTIONS ARE MARKED IN RED 

CHAPTER 1

1. STUDY ALL OBJECTIVES 

2. FEATURES OF MICRO AND MACRO ECONOMICS

3. EXPLAIN CONCEPT OF MICRO & MACRO ECONOMICS

OR 

4. EXPLAIN SUBJECT MATTER OF MICRO AND MACRO ECONOMICS

5. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MICRO & MACRO ECONOMICS  

6. IMPORTANCE OF MICRO ECONOMICS

7. SLICING & LUMPING METHOD 

8. WHAT IS PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM

9. GIVE REASONS:  

A. MICROECONOMICS IS KNOWN AS PRICE THEORY

B. THEORY OF MICROECONOMICS IS BASED ON CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS 

CHAPTER 2

A. STUDY ALL OBJECTIVES 

1.EXPLAIN LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY

2. STATE IMPORTANCE OF LAW OF DIMINIDHING MARGINAL UTILITY

3. STATE ASSUMPTIONS & EXPECTATIONS TO THE LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY

4. DEFINE MARGINAL UTILITY 

CHAPTER 3

A. STUDY ALL OBJECTIVES 

1. LAW OF DEMAND WITH ITS ASSUMPTIONS 

2. STATE DETERMINANTS OF AGGREGATE DEMAND 

3. STATE DETERMINANTS OF AGGREGATE SUPPLY

4. LAW OF DEMAND WITH ITS EXCEPTIONS

5. WHAT IS AGGREGATE SUPPLY .

CHAPTER 4 

A. STUDY ALL OBJECTIVES

1. WHAT IS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 

2. FACTORS DETERMINING ELASTICITY 

3. UNITRY ELASTIC DEMAND 

4. GIVE REASONS : DEMAND FOR COMMODITY HAVING MULTIPLE USES HAS ELASTIC DEMAND.

5. TYPES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND .

CHAPTER 5 

1. STUDY ALL OBJECTIVES 

2. FEATURES OF MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION

3. FEATURES OF PERFECT COMPETITION 

4. INDIVIDUAL & MARKET SUPPLY 

5. TYPES OF MONOPOLY

6. GIVE REASONS :

A. PRICE IS THE ONLY DETERMINANT OF SUPPLY

B. THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO LAW OF SUPPLY

7. THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STOCK & SUPPLY . AGREE OR DISAGREE.

8. SUPPLY OF PERISHABLE GOODS IS INELASTIC.GIVE REASON.

9. PERFECT COMPETITION MEANS PURE COMPETITION

10. AVERAGE REVENUE & COST DIFFERENCE.

CHAPTER 6

1. SIGNIFICANCE & FEATURES OF INDEX NUMBERS 

2. STEPS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION ON INDEX NUMBERS

3. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PRICE & QUANTITY INDEX

4. SIMPLE & WEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS 

5. LAASPEYRES & PASCHE WEIGHTED INDEX 

CHAPTER 7 

1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROSS & NET NATIONAL PRODUCT.

2. NATIONAL INCOME & VARIOUS METHOD OF MEASURING IT .

3. EXPLAIN OUTPUT METHOD OF MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME 

4. EXPLAIN THEOROTICAL /CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES IN MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME 

5.DISTINGUISH BETWEEN OUTPUT & INCOME METHOD 

6. GROSS & NET NATIONAL PRODUCT 

7. TOTAL COST & REVENUE









Wednesday, 22 September 2021

CLASS 11 REDUCED SYLLABUS MAHARASHTRA BOARD

CLASS 11  REDUCED SYLLABUS MAHARASHTRA BOARD 

CLICK ON BELOW LINKS TO DOWNLOAD

CLASS 11 ( SCIENCE ) 

CHEMISTRY ( CLICK HERE )

PHYSICS ( CLICK HERE )

MATHS ( CLICK HERE )

BIOLOGY ( CLICK HERE ) 

HINDI  ( CLICK HERE )





Thursday, 29 July 2021

HSC CLASS 12 ( COMPUTER SCIENCE ) 2021/22 IMP

HSC CLASS 12 ( COMPUTER SCIENCE ) 2021/22

IMPORTANT MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS 

CS -1

CHAPTER 1 : OPERATING SYSTEMS 

1. WHAT IS VIRTUAL MEMORY.EXPLAIN ITS ANY 2 ELEMENTS.       

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WORM & VIRUS .

3.  WHAT IS SYSTEM CALL . LIST ANY 2 SYSTEM CALLS 

4. EXPLAIN MULTIUSER & TIMESHARING OS

5. WHAT IS FILE SYSTEM 

6. GIVE FEATURES OF WINDOWS 98 OS

7. EXPLAIN VIRUS DETECTION, REMOVAL , PREVENTION

8. STATE FEATURES OF WINDOWS NT

9. EXPLAIN MULTIPROGRAMMING IN PROCESS MANAGEMENT

10. EXPLAIN 3 TERMS RELATED TO VIRTUAL MEMORY

11. EXPLAIN INTERNAL,EXTERNAL,PURCHASE PRIORITY & TIME SLICE

12.STATE ANY 4 MEMORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

13. STATE FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY MANGEMENT SYSTEM OF OS 

14.WHAT IS VIRUS & STATE DIFFERENT METHODS BY WHICH VIRUS CAN INFECT OTHER PROGRAMS

15. STATE VARIOUS STEPS IN ALLOCATION OF PARTION IN FIXED MEMORY MANAGEMENT.

16. EXPLAIN : FILE SYSTEMS, TYPE&DISK BASED FS, GUI , VDU 

17. EXPLAIN DUMB & INTELLIGENT TERMINAL IN VDU

18. EXPLAIN MENU,TITLE& SCROLL BAR OF GUI

19. EXPLAIN RUNNING,READY& BLOCKED STATE 

20. DEFINE SECURITY & ITS DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

21. LIST ANY 6 FEATURES OF LINUX OS 

22. LIST&EXPLAIN  TERMS OF PROCESS SCHEDULING.

23. WHAT IS PAGING 

FILL UPS /MCQ 

____________ IS A FREE SOFTWARE 

TIME REQUIRED TO MOVE RW HEAD TO A TRACK IS CALLED ___________

CONTEXT SWITCHING IS RELATED TO ______________MANAGEMENT

TIME LOST IN TURNING ATTENTION OF CPU IS CALLED _________________


CHAPTER 2 : ( DATA STRUCTURES ) 

1 . WHAT IS DATA STRUCTURE 

2.  DEFINE TREE,BINARY TREE , EXTENDED BINARY

3. HOW A TREE CAN BE REPRESNTED IN A MEMORY.EXPLAIN WITH DIAGRAM 

4. WHAT IS LINKLIST. HOW IT CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MEMORY.

5. WHAT IS RECORD. HOW IT CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MEMORY.

6. EXPLAIN FLOWCHART FOR FOLLOWING CONTROL STRUCTURES SEQUENCE,SELECTION& ITRETION LOGIC.

7. EXPLAIN BUBBLE SORT LOGIC

8. EXPLAIN LINEAR & BINARY SEARCH 

9. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING ROOT,TREE,SIBLING,DEPTH 

10. WHAT IS ARRAY ? DEFINE ARRAY& POINTER ARRAY

11. EXPLAIN LINEAR&NON LINEAR DATA STRUCTURE

12. DEFINE GROUP ITEM, ELEMENTARY ITEM, ENTITY & BINARY TREE.

13. SHOW RELATION BETWEEN NO OF NODES & DEPTH OF BINARY TREE.

14.  DRAW TREEDIAGRAM FOR EXPRESSION 3R-5T

15. WRITE 2 FEATURES OF RECORD, ARRAY,LINKLIST

16. WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO FIND BINARY SEARCH METHOD, TRAVERSING LINEAR ARRAY, 

17.EXPLAIN BINARY SEARCH ALGORITHM

FILL UP/MCQ 

__________ DATA STRUCTURE DEOS NOT REQUIRE CONTIGOUS MEMORY ALLOCATION.

RECORD IS COLLECTION OF _______

DATA ITEMS ARE DIVIDED INTO SUBITEMS CALLED _________

__________ IS VERY USEFULL IN SITUATION WHERE DATA IS TO BE STORED .


CHAPTER 3 ( C++)

1. WHAT IS FUNCTION OVERLOAD GIVE EXAMPLES

2. WHAT IS CONSTRUCTOR/DSTRUCTOR GIVE EXAMPLES

3. WHAT IS OPERATOR FUNCTION?GIVE SYNTAX

4. WHAT IS FRIEND FUNCTION

5. WHAT IS DATA ABSTRACTION

6. WHAT IS VIRTUAL FUNCTION? GIVE 6 RULES 

7. WHAT IS INHERITANCE . EXPLAIN ITS 2 TYPES

8. WHY USER IS NOT ALLOWED TO INTERACT DIRECTLY WITH HARD DISK

9. STATE 6 PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTOR

10. DEFINE FILE , RECORD, KEY FIELD , POLYMORPHISAM

11. EXPLAIN COMPILE & RUN TIME PM

12. LOCAL & GLOBAL DATA WITH EXAMPLES

13. HOW FILES ARE OPENED& CLOSED IN C++ WITH EXAMPLES. STATE ANY 4 FILE MODES

14. 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF STATIC DATA

15. USE OF MEMORY MANAGEMENT OPERATORS IN C++

16. 3 SPECIAL CHARECTERISTICS OF STATIC DATA

17. DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHERITANCE

18. DEFINE DATA ENCAPSULATION,DATA ABSTRACTION

19. DEFINE OOP & WRITE ITS FEATURES

20. EXPLAIN USE OF FOLLOWING SEEKP,SEEKG,TEELP,TELLG

21. WRITE 8 RULES OF VIRTUAL FUNCTION

22.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TPP & OOP 

23. WHAT IS POINTER. GIVE EXAMPLES

24. EXPLAIN SYNTAX OF C++

25. EXPLAIN OPERATOR OVERLOADING WITH 2 FEATURES

26. LIST 2 TYPES OF CONVERSION

27. LIST 6 OPERATORS

FILL /MCQ

OOP USES _________ APPROACH

IN C++ DOUBLE DATATYPE USES _____ BYTES

IF ALL LABELS ARE MISSING THE DEFAULT MEMBERS OF  CLASS IS __________

OBJECT IS A ___________

WRITE PROGRAMS:

TO ACCEPT 3 INTEGERS AND FIND GREATEST NUMBER

TO ACCEPT STRING FROM KEYBOARD & COPY IT

TO FIND AREA OF A CIRCLE

TO PRINT FIRST 20 NUMBERS OF FIBBONACI SERIES

TO READ A SET OF 10 NOS & FIND THE LARGEST

CHAPTER 4 (HTML)

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )


CS-2 

CHAPTER 1 ( 8085 MICROPROCESSORS)

1. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )

CHAPTER 2 

2. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )

CHAPTER 3 

3. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )  

CHAPTER 4 

4. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )

CHAPTER 5

5. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ( CLICK HERE )