HSC EVS CLASS 12

HSC EVS CLASS 12

PROJECT WORK ON 

VISITED HISTORICAL PLACE NEAR ME AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OVER THERE.

Introduction

In this project, I will discuss about a visit a prominent historical place we have visited nearby and discuss its importance. I will discuss about the environmental issues the area is facing and methods to reduce or eliminate those issues

The place I visited is the shivneri fort, Shivneri Fort is a 17th-century military fortification located near Junnar in Pune district in Maharashtra, India. Shivneri Fort is a hill fort located at the northern side of Pune, with Junnar as its base. It is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The fort was built by Shahaji Raje, Shivaji's father, to secure his son and wife Jijamata, against the invaders and natural calamities.

As this fort is of a great historical and architectural importance hence I have selected this topic

Shivneri is a travel destination in Maharashtra which is visited by many people for a number of reasons. It is located in Pune district of Maharashtra and the initiator of Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born here. Shivaji was named after the Shivai Devi Goddess whose temple is there inside the fort. During the 1st century AD this place was under the control of Buddhists. Tourism in Shivneri is mainly due to the beautiful design and architecture of the fort.

Currently the fort has lesser number of tourists due to covid pandemic however tourists flow is expected to increase in coming time. The fort is also facing environmental issues such as deforestation on the slopes of the hill and pollution due to plastic waste, vehicular pollution the state government has given an administrative sanction of Rs23.5 crore for the conservation, beautification and development of Shivneri fort.

Importance

This project work is important since it helps us to understand the environmental issues the area is facing and will help us to reduce or eliminate the same

This project work is important for understanding the deforestation around the area of the fort as it leads to loose soil around the fort and during heavy rains. Recently last year Portions of two structures have fallen during the heavy rains. It is very important for us to stop deforestation and create a public awareness for the same. Strict laws should be enforced for people breaking the rules.

This project work is important for understanding the environmental issue of pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic, vehicular pollution and chemical wastes from the industries nearby the fort.

This project work is important as it will help us understand the issues such as deforestation, pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries and it is important to find ways to minimize or eliminate them.

Objectives:

To work for protecting and promoting healthy natural environment through various action programmers and environment awareness creation among and education of the people.

To work for healthy, neat and clean historical areas such as forts and natural environments around them.

To work to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources and energy sources around the visited historical area.

To work for rehabilitation of victims of environment disasters around the historical area

To work on issues such as deforestation around the historical area, and find ways to minimize or eliminate them.

This work on issues such as  pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries and find ways to minimize or eliminate them.

Methodology:

This project is based on research done by me by visiting the fort for a short period of time as the fort timing is reduced because of the corona virus pandemic.  It is not possible to go out and do research for longer period of time.  Hence most part of my readings and observations are obtained from internet.

I have obtained information from the following websites

www.wikipedia.com

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/

https://www.hindustantimes.com/

https://www.coa.gov.in/

https://indianexpress.com/

https://www.mumbailive.com/

 The data collection method used for this project has come from inputs from locals and nearby villages from the fort hill and because of the restrictions from the government due to the covid pandemic major part of data and observations were collected from the internet 

I have also consulted experts on the subject and discussed the issue of deforestation around the area of the fort as it leads to loose soil around the fort and during heavy rains. Recently last year Portions of two structures have fallen during the heavy rains. They have agreed to work on it and find a solution on the same. Issues such as pollution due to inorganic wastes such as plastic from tourists and pollution due to vehicles and chemical wastes from nearby industries were also discussed and an expert solution is expected soon. 

Observations:

Sample graph shows amount of plastic waste collected around the fort over a period of 2 weeks

Date	Plastic waste collection in KGS
14-Oct	23
15-Oct	25
16-Oct	27
17-Oct	33
18-Oct	35
19-Oct	21
20-Oct	26
21-Oct	26
22-Oct	28
23-Oct	27
24-Oct	26
25-Oct	33
26-Oct	36
27-Oct	22

Sample graph shows AQI (air quality index) around the fort over a period of 2 weeks

Date	Air quality Index
14-Oct	115
15-Oct	120
16-Oct	121
17-Oct	157
18-Oct	160
19-Oct	120
20-Oct	116
21-Oct	121
22-Oct	123
23-Oct	125
24-Oct	124
25-Oct	160
26-Oct	162
27-Oct	118

Analysis:

Date	Plastic waste collection in KGS	pollution
14-Oct	23	moderate
15-Oct	25	High
16-Oct	27	High
17-Oct	33	Very high
18-Oct	35	Very high
19-Oct	21	High
20-Oct	26	High
21-Oct	26	High
22-Oct	28	High
23-Oct	27	High
24-Oct	26	High
25-Oct	33	Very high
26-Oct	36	Very high
27-Oct	22	Moderate

 

Date	Air quality Index	Quality
14-Oct	115	Good
15-Oct	120	Ok
16-Oct	121	Ok
17-Oct	157	Poor
18-Oct	160	Poor
19-Oct	120	Ok
20-Oct	116	Good
21-Oct	121	Ok
22-Oct	123	Ok
23-Oct	125	Ok
24-Oct	124	Ok
25-Oct	160	Poor
26-Oct	162	Very poor
27-Oct	118	Good

From the data collected for 2 weeks plastic waste pollution and AQI was observed highest on 4 days (17, 18, 25, and 26^th).

This is the time when high tourist traffic was observed, with high tourist traffic plastic waste pollution is higher and vehicular pollution is also higher

So to curtail the pollution we have to ban plastic on the hill forts or we have to to set up plastic recycling centre so that plastic waste can be effectively disposed

Also vehicular movement should be limited to a parking space away from the base of hill fort to reduce air pollution in the fort area.

Result and conclusion:

After visiting the fort and understanding the environmental issues over there I have taken the initiative to monitor and observe the environmental issues such as plastic waste pollution and air pollution due to vehicles.

I collected data for plastic pollution and vehicular pollution on daily basis with the help of locals for 15 day period in October this year

On analysing the data, I came to the conclusion the plastic waste pollution is very high on certain days such as week end and public holidays. Plastic waste pollution is very dangerous because it is not bio-degradable and it damages the the eco system.

Similar thing was found in case of vehicular air pollution, bad air quality causes breathing problems to people and livestock’s in the villages near the fort.

To reduce and eliminate the issues I have also suggested solutions to the local authorities which include

Banning of plastic items such as plastic bottles, bags, food packaging.

Setting up a small plastic waste collection centre near the fort so the the waste can be moved properly to nearby recycling centre. Thus plastic waste can be effectively managed

Setting up a parking area away from the fort can control the vehicular and noise pollution effectively.

HSC EVS CLASS 12

HSC EVS CLASS 12 

PROJECT WORK ON GLOBAL WARMING

 

INTRODUCTION:

Global warming has emerged as a major problem which the whole world is facing today

Its consequences can prove dangerous not only for us but also for our future generations

I have chosen this project to warn people of the ill effects of global warming

So let’s understand what is global warming

What is global warming?

Global warming is the increase of average world temperatures as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth's surface but trapping the heat as it radiates back into space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the earth gets hotter.  This process is leading to a rapid change in climate, also known as climate change.

IMPORTANCE:

Global warming is important since it helps determine future climate expectations. Through the use of latitude, one can determine the likelihood of snow and hail reaching the surface. You can also be able to identify the thermal energy from the sun that is accessible to a region. Global warming is the scientific study of climates, which is defined as the mean weather conditions over a period of time. A branch of study within atmospheric sciences, it also takes into account the variables and averages of short-term and long-term weather conditions. Global warming is the unequivocal and continuing rise in the average temperature of earth's climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the warming has occurred in the oceans. Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at earth's surface. Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °c (1.4 °f), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850. Global warming uses from omits group are an open access journal named as journal of climatology and weather forecasting which strives to release issues quarterly and is adamant to publish new findings related to the field of global warming. The mission of the global warming uses provides a forum for publishing new findings on environmental principles and technology. Currently our primary research objective is to encourage and assist the development of better and faster measures of environmental activity. In cases where we believe we can contribute directly, as opposed to through highlighting the work of others, we are producing our own measures of global warming.

 

OBJECTIVES

To work for protecting and promoting healthy natural environment through various action programmers and environment awareness creation among and education of the people.

To work for healthy, neat and clean cities and urban environments

To work for environment health of workers.

To work to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources and energy sources.

To work for creation of new environment education programmers to sensitize the young generation about the importance of environment and environment protection and to incorporate environment sensitivity in the socialization process of the growing up individuals.

To work for the welfare and human development of the vast sections of Indian population who have not come to the modern levels of advancement socially, educationally and economically, by undertaking social, educational and economic empowerment activities, advocating and campaigning for policies to bring about social, educational and economic empowerment of all sections of society.

To work for widening science and technology among the rural, tribal and other disadvantaged sections of society.

To organize health and medical camps with a view to reaching health and medical care to the general masses, especially the disadvantaged sections of the Indian people like the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, socially and educationally backward classes who are also referred to as other backward classes, minorities, female-headed households, handicapped people, mentally challenged persons, destitute women and children.

To work for rehabilitation of victims of environment disasters.

To work to reach justice to all sections of society, especially the disadvantaged sections, namely, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, socially and educationally backward classes, religious minorities, etc.

To work for equipping the general masses of Indian people with the modern technical and professional skills in the areas of communication and information technology.

To work for imparting occupational skills and upgrading skills of workers and professionals with a view to making all Indian people capable of competing for suitable employment opportunities at international level.

To work for rehabilitation of emigrant and displaced Indians; to study their social, cultural and economic issues and to work to get them rehabilitated back into the homeland.

 

METHODOLOGY:

This project is completely based on research done by me on the internet as during the pandemic

It is not possible to go out and do research

I have obtained information from the following websites

https://climate.nasa.com

Www.wikipedia.com

Www.nrdc.com

Www.nationalgeographic.com

Www.org.au

 

OBSERVATION:

We have lot of observations of the earth surface warming during the last few decades. Surface temperature measurements over land and ocean, satellite measurements, weather balloon measurements, ocean temperature measurements and borehole measurements all show clear increase in the average temperature of the earth. Supporting these are the indicators of warming, such as changes in the behaviour and ranges of species, melting glaciers, rising sea level, vanishing sea ice etc.

Main causes of global warming

Burning fossil fuels

Deforestation & tree-clearing

Agriculture & farming

Travel & transportation

Source: internet

ANALYSIS:

Causes for rising emissions

Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

Cutting down forests (deforestation). Trees help to regulate the climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial effect is lost and the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere, adding to the greenhouse effect.

Increasing livestock farming. Cows and sheep produce large amounts of methane when they digest their food.

Fertilizers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions.

Fluorinated gases are emitted from equipment and products that use these gases. Such emissions have a very strong warming effect, up to 23 000 times greater than CO2.

 

 

CONCLUSION:

What is the conclusion of global warming and climate change?

Human-induced climate change has contributed to changing patterns of extreme weather across the globe, from longer and hotter heat waves to heavier rains. From a broad perspective, all weather events are now connected to climate change.

The 'Conclusion' confirms that global warming is the major challenge for our global society. There is very little doubt that global warming will change our climate in the next century. ... If implemented now, a lot of the costs and damage that could be caused by changing climate can be mitigated.